上句见：Day99
The Story of Philosophy的第100句：第1章Plato第2节II. Socrates第2段第3句：

They were a motley crowd, these youths who flocked about him and helped him to create European philosophy. There were rich young men like Plato and Alcibiades, who relished his satirical analysis of Athenian democracy; there were socialists like Antisthenes, who liked the master’s careless poverty, and made a religion of it; there was even an anarchist or two among them, like Aristippus, who aspired to a world in which there would be neither master nor slaves, and all would be as worrilessly free as Socrates. All the problems that agitate human society to-day, and provide the material of youth’s endless debate, agitated as well that little band of thinkers and talkers, who felt, with their teacher, that life without discourse would be unworthy of a man. Every school of social thought had there its representative, and perhaps its origin.
浙江大学译本：总而言之，所有令当今社会惶惶不可终日、为青年人提供了无尽辩论材料的问题，同样被古雅典的思想者和公共言论者所思考，他们跟他们的老师一样，认为没有论道的生活是毫无价值的。

解析

这句描述问题不受时间影响的本质，困扰当今社会同样也困扰着当时的思想家及交谈者。这些人都认为没经过论辩的生活值得过。人不能浑浑噩噩过日子。
1、All the problems that
主语：所有问题

2、agitate human society to-day,
问题特征1：困扰当今人类社会的问题
agitate：to disturb, excite, or anger (someone)搅动
And research shows that listening to music that agitates or unsettles you can trigger stress, anger and sadness.
研究表明，听那些让人烦躁不安的音乐会引发压力、愤怒和悲伤。
to-day：这里不用“today”，而用“to-day”，估计是为了引起读者的注意，强调“今天”这个时间概念。

3、and provide the material of youth’s endless debate,
问题特征2：能给年轻人无休止辩论提供素材的问题。

4、agitated as well that little band of thinkers and talkers,
这些问题同样也引起一小群思想家及交谈者注意。

5、who felt, with their teacher, that
这群人的特征：与他们老师感同深受。这群人跟他们的老师有一样的观点。

6、life without discourse would be unworthy of a man.
相同的观点：没经过思辨的生活不值得过。
discourse：If you use the word discourse, you are describing a formal and intense discussion or debate.
The subject of their discourse had been keenly interesting to her.她对他们谈论的话题非常地感兴趣。《还乡》

当今搅动人类社会并为年轻人提供了无休止辩论的素材的所有问题，同样也搅动着那一小群思考者和谈论者，他们和他们的老师都觉得，没有经过论辩的生活不值得过。