In fact, when you are talking about two cultures, you must be comparing them, and you will definitely take a middle approach. China is like this, the West is like this, paired up.
He is inferior here, unlike some people who have not seen unity with differences. China has its own differences from you, but there are also similarities with you, so let's not talk about him. Let's come back here, Pan Gongkai is a great person. Generally, people like him are very resistant to people who are thousands of miles away. Their moral character makes them dislike them because they have a lot of proud assets, their current political status, and their outstanding artistic talent in painting. What you see in him is a traditional Chinese scholar doctor, who is humble and enthusiastic in treating people. However, you can't persuade him. He is extremely stubborn in his thinking. Why is he stubborn? I also sympathize with him.
Because his thoughts have been pondered for many years, and it is also arduous thinking that has led to such thoughts. He talked about the need for a person to constantly surpass themselves. When it comes to Qi Baishi's declining years of reform, Mr. Huang Binhong liked to leave a blank space for the first officer in his early years, and in his later years he liked to use heavy ink. The entire scene was often painted pitch black, from Bai Binhong to black Binhong. Someone said that he showed an unparalleled courage here. In fact, they were all famous, and he constantly surpassed himself, denying the old self today. Wittgenstein did this, and Heidegger did the same.
Once we become famous, we will retire to Xishan. In the field of philosophy, some people are actually being a bit harsh. Philosophy has not yet understood, but it has already regarded itself as a master, and we cannot make progress in philosophy.
If you want to be a good philosopher in the future, you must not be satisfied with what you already have. I am not very willing to participate in our academic activities now. If it's not interesting, let's waste time talking about it. One time, when I attended a philosophy conference held by China Normal University, those who were studying as professors in the United States and then came back to read papers told me that this was the paper from ten years ago, and they had been holding it for ten years.
So, Fichte's handling of his own works already reflects a power of personality. He repeatedly insisted that his system was absolutely complete, and each new version was just a new effort to fully express the system. Of course, this does not mean that we cannot summarize Fichte's main points and arguments.
You can imagine what kind of person Fichte was. Fichte is different from the academic professors we usually imagine. So, he doesn't like such a professor in school. For him, he believes that a philosophy professor is not teaching philosophy. Strictly speaking, a philosophy professor is a mission, not the kind of German petty bourgeois society that we see now, because German society is composed of elites, and we do not understand the current situation of general German society.
However, if I didn't read any books in my early years and only read the works of Marx, Engels, and Marx, you can see that they, especially when they were young, deeply despised German civil society and would occasionally curse a few words. German civil society, to some extent, is also a very mediocre and vulgar society. Following the rules and regulations, you cannot step beyond the boundaries. If you dare to be a little different from others, you are waiting for bad luck. Fichte, on the other hand, didn't buy it. He never had that kind of worldly wisdom and affectation in his life. He never was hypocritical, and his attitude towards life was uncompromising honesty and seriousness towards his goals, which was incompatible with the social customs of that era.
From a basic background perspective, he teaches with a dedicated passion. He has a charismatic personality, which is written in many memoirs and biographies. He has a charismatic personality and is an inspiring speech. A powerful thinker, thinker, and well-known supporter of the French Revolution. Because he is a renowned professor in the university, his speeches are always crowded and popular, but his combative personality has also offended many people. Xiaoxiao is known as Xiaoxiao, which means he never directly confronts you, but he brings you bad luck behind your back. Those who oppose him are right behind your back. He doesn't confront you directly, but there are many rumors about him spreading behind your back. There were probably two rumors that could bring down a professor at that time.
A matter of life, a matter of faith. Fichte was influenced by a matter of faith, while Schelling was influenced by a matter of life. Both of them have served as professors, and we will discuss Schelling in the future. Fichte's problem is atheism. Just like when someone accused Kant of atheism, atheism was a terrible crime in German society at that time, and Fichte's teaching position could not be preserved, so he had to go to Berlin.
When he was in Berlin, he didn't have a formal job at the beginning, it was always quite difficult. He made a living by paying royalties and teaching knowledge privately. He taught his students at home, and if someone was willing to listen, he relied on this to collect some fees. But later on, the great German educational and social humanities philosopher was Wilhelm Humboldt, who founded Humboldt University in Berlin. Later, Cai Yuanpei became a Peking University student and imitated Humboldt's ideas for establishing the University of Berlin.
At that time, Humboldt established such a university very well and immediately hired him as the first philosophy professor at the University of Berlin. This was in 1809, and two years later in 1811, he became the university president. Therefore, the professors at the University of Berlin and the philosophy department were very noble. Why is the location so lofty?
Fichte was the first, Schelling did it, Hegel did it. Many philosophers who are not as famous as them have done it. Heidegger only rejected the appointment of the national university twice, and Aphis said, 'You want to make me crazy with jealousy. Why?'?
You can see that Heidegger's personality is very outstanding. Ordinary people flock to him and are eager to get what they want. This is great because it is equivalent to acknowledging your plan in the philosophical field. Heidegger has never attended academic conferences and has never published any works in academic journals in his life. I rely on my ability to make history recognize me, and it is a shame for you to use people like me to recognize me, just like when Sartre refused the Nobel Prize in Literature. He said to the Nobel Prize staff in person over the phone, 'I refuse, I'm sorry, I refuse some official honors.'.
Privately speaking to friends, who is qualified to award Kant, he seems to see himself as someone like Kant. If I accept your award, I am admitting that you are higher than me. You can do it like a teacher changing homework for students, and I will give you 100 points to consider you a good student. Those with lower scores are considered poor students, but of course not.
Even if we don't say we won the award now, being able to make it to the finals is already a source of great gratitude. His personality quickly distanced himself from all the professors. Finally, all the people are against him. He is not difficult. He just wants to look good on you. You are not the headmaster. If you want to run him now, we are all against you. Let you know, just like the Chinese, I play dirty for you. I will not confront you openly, but I let you leave.
The power of the masses is infinite. Who do you think you are, you are just an ordinary citizen? In fact, ordinary people in both the East and the West have been like this all the way. Who do you think you are? Our power is greater than yours. I want you to see. Of course, how can people like Fichte eat this trick and resign.
In 1814, when typhoid fever was prevalent in Berlin, his wife was a nurse in a hospital. When he went to see her, he contracted the disease and passed away quickly.
Generally speaking, we can divide Fichte's philosophy into early and late periods, also known as the Jena and Berlin periods, where he lived his entire life. This is the work. Let's go back to the starting point of our class today. Fichte's philosophy starts directly from trying to solve the problems left by Kant. Specifically, one of Kant's problems he wants to solve is the problem of the dichotomy between subject and object, because only with this dichotomy can things be known, whether things actually exist, and a series of questions about the standard of truth arise.
So, the dualism that distinguishes the essence of phenomena is actually a product of the dichotomy between subject and object. Of course, when Fichte talks about the distinction between subject and object, it is subjectively established by us, not objective facts, not objective facts. It is subjectively established by us, and it is the establishment of our subject norms. It is a normative setting, and subject and object are actually normative settings. Kant has already shown that all things we encounter are either subjects or objects.
However, Kant's own ideas, as Fichte believed, should enable him to see that this distinction is subjectively established. Since you believe that our subjectivity is a condition of knowledge, the difference between the subject and the object itself should also be a product of our subjectivity. So, it's a pity that Fichte, you should have seen this yourself. Fichte returned to a contribution of rationalism, that truth lies in the unity of thought and objects, that is, insight, which can be traced all the way back to Afanides.
Spirit can grasp the innate and inevitable characteristics of reality through rational and intuitive actions. It's not that simple to understand the meaning. In fact, our common sense is not like imagined common sense, but natural and reasonable. Common sense is precisely that we have already set something, but don't know that it's set, thinking it's natural and reasonable. Then, based on this, we can understand philosophy, which precisely aims to blow open the hard shell of common sense that we have set or artificially limited, and then return to the things themselves.
So why did Hegel first propose the slogan, and then Husserl closely followed, but despite being separated by nearly a century, both can propose such a slogan, to return to the things themselves, that is, to see that whether it is daily life experience or so-called scientific theory, we are far away from the things themselves.
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