Evolving Our Bodies 2

And four of the smartest people that I've ever met -- Ed Boyden, Hugh Herr, Joe Jacobson, Bob Lander -- are working on a Center for Extreme Bionics. 

And the interesting thing of what you're seeing here is these prosthetics now get integrated into the bone. 

ps:你在这里看到的有趣的事情是这些假肢现在已经整合到骨头里了。

interesting有趣的; 有吸引力的; 使感兴趣; 使关注; interest的现在分词

thing东西; 物; 物件; 物品; 事物; 用品，衣服; 用具

what什么; …的事物; 无论什么; 凡是…的事物; 多么; 真; 太

seeing看见; 见到; 看出; 看得见; 看; 有视力; 观看; see的现在分词

here在这里，向这里; 现在; 在这一点上; 给某人东西或指出某物时说; 喂，嘿; 主动提议时说

these这些，他们; 这些; 一些

prosthetics假体; 义肢; 假体制作; 义肢制作

now现在; 目前; 此刻; 从现在开始; 表示厌烦; 既然; 由于

integrated各部分密切协调的; 综合的; 完整统一的; 合并，成为一体; 加入，融入群体; integrate的过去分词和过去式

bone骨头; 骨; 骨质; 有…样的骨头的; 挑掉…的鱼刺; 剔去…的骨头

They get integrated into the skin.

 They get integrated into the muscle. 

And one of the other sides of Ed is he's been thinking about how to connect the brain using light or other mechanisms directly to things like these prosthetics. 

ps:埃德的另一面是，他一直在思考如何用光或其他机制将大脑直接连接到这些假肢上。

one of…之一

sides一边，一侧; 一旁，一边; 侧面; 支持，偏袒; side的第三人称单数和复数

thinking思想; 思考; 思维; 想法; 见解; 思想的; 有理智的; 有思考力的; 认为; 以为; 想; 思索; 琢磨; think的现在分词

connect连接; 联结; 使…连接; 接通

brain脑; 动物脑髓; 智力; 脑力; 逻辑思维能力; 猛击…的脑袋致死

mechanisms机械装置; 机件; 方法; 机制; 机制，构造; mechanism的复数

directly直接地; 径直地; 坦率地; 正; 正好地; 恰好; 立即; 立刻; 一…就…

prosthetics假体; 义肢; 假体制作; 义肢制作

And if you can do that, then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity. 

So how quickly you react to something depends on the diameter of a nerve. 

ps:所以你对某事的反应有多快取决于神经的直径。

how怎样; 如何多少，多么，多大

quickly迅速地; 很快地; 不久; 立即

react to对…有反应

something某事; 某物; 想来重要的事物; 大致，左右; 很，非常

depends取决;有赖; 依靠;依赖; 指望;信赖; depend的第三人称单数

diameter直径; 对径; 放大率; 放大倍数

nerve神经; 神经质; 神经紧张; 勇气; 气魄; 鼓足勇气; 振作精神

And of course, if you have nerves that are external or prosthetic, say with light or liquid metal, then you can increase that diameter and you could even increase it theoretically to the point where,  as long as you could see the muzzle flash, you could step out of the way of a bullet. 

ps:当然，如果你的神经是外部的或者是人造的，比如说用光或者液态金属，那么你可以增加它的直径，你甚至可以从理论上把它增加到，只要你能看到枪口的闪光，你就可以避开子弹。

of course当然，自然; 当然; 当然不

nerves神经; 神经质; 神经紧张; 勇气; 气魄; 鼓足勇气; 振作精神; nerve的第三人称单数和复数

prosthetic假体的

diameter直径; 对径; 放大率; 放大倍数

theoretically从理论上说;照理说

as long as只要

bullet子弹; 弹丸

Those are the order of magnitude of changes you're talking about.

This is a fourth sort of level of prosthetics. 

These are Phonak hearing aids. and the reason why these are so interesting is because they cross the threshold from where prosthetics are something for somebody who is "disabled" and they become something that somebody who is "normal" might want to actually have, because what this prosthetic does, which is really interesting, is not only does it help you hear, you can focus your hearing, so it can hear the conversation going on over there.

ps:这些是Phonak助听器。之所以如此有趣，是因为它们跨越了假肢对于“残疾”的人来说的门槛，变成了“正常”的人可能想要的东西，因为这个假肢所做的，非常有趣的，不仅能帮助你听到，你可以集中你的听觉，这样它就能听到那边正在进行的对话。

hearing aids助听器; hearing aid的复数

prosthetics假体; 义肢; 假体制作; 义肢制作

somebody同 someone; 某人;有人; 重要人物，大人物

disabled丧失能力的; 有残疾的; 无能力的; 残疾人; 伤残者; 使丧失能力; 使伤残; 使无效; 使不能运转; disable的过去分词和过去式

want to应该

prosthetic假体的

going on“going”的变体; “go on”的现在分词

over there在那边; 到那边; 在另一国

You can have super hearing. 

You can have hearing in 360 degrees. You can have white noise. 

You can record, and oh, by the way, they also put a phone into this. 

So this functions as your hearing aid and also as your phone. 

And at that point, somebody might actually want to have a prosthetic voluntarily.

ps:在那一点上，有人可能真的想自愿做一个假肢。

And at that虽然如此还是

somebody同 someone; 某人;有人; 重要人物，大人物

might(may的过去时，用于间接引语)可能，可以; 可能; 可以; 强大力量; 威力

actually的确，真实地，事实上; 居然，竟然; 实际上

want to应该

prosthetic假体的

voluntarily自愿地; 自动地; 主动地; 无偿地; 义务地

All of these thousands of loosely connected little pieces are coming together, and it's about time we ask the question, how do we want to evolve human beings  over the next century or two?

ps:所有这些数千个松散连接的小片段正在聚集在一起，现在是我们提出这个问题的时候了，我们要如何在未来一两个世纪里进化人类？

thousands of几千; 成千上万

loosely宽松地; 松散地; 不精确地

connected有关的; 有联系的; 连接; 联结; 使…连接; 接通; connect的过去分词和过去式

pieces片; 块; 段; 截; 标准的量; 碎片; 碎块; 零件; 部件; 修补; 接合; 凑合; piece的第三人称单数和复数

coming到来，来临; 即将发生的; 下一个的; 来; 来到; 到达，抵达; 来做; 来取; 来拿; come的现在分词

about time该是…的时候了;早该…了

want to应该

evolve逐渐形成，逐步发展，逐渐演变; 进化; 进化形成

human beings人; human being的复数

And for that we turn to a great philosopher , who was a very smart man despite being a Yankee fan.

And Yogi Berra used to say, of course, that it's very tough to make predictions, especially about the future.

Questions

1.How does Enriquez discribe the fourth level of prosthetics?

it could determine how human beings evolve in the future.

2.why might a normal person want  prosthetic  technology?

it has the ability to make them superhuman.

3.How can prosthetic nerves affect help people to react things? 

They can be designed to optimize human reaction speed.

4.What role does  Enriquez think prosthetic will have in the future?

 He isn't completely sure about their role.

Fill in the blanks:

All of these thousands of loosely connected little pieces are coming together, and it's about time we ask the question, how do we want to evolve human beings  over the next century or two?

Read and repeat the sentences:

1.That is the order of magnitude of changes you're talking about.

2.If you can do that, then you can begin changing fundamental aspects of humanity.

3.When prosthetics become this advanced, somebody might actually want to have one voluntarily. 

So instead of making a prediction about the future to begin with, let's take what's happening in the present with people like Tony Atala,  who is redesigning 30-some-odd organs. 

ps:所以，与其从一开始就对未来做出预测，不如让我们来看看现在发生的事情，比如托尼·阿塔拉，他正在重新设计30个奇怪的器官。

instead of代替; 作为…的替换

making生产; 制造; 做; 组装; 写; 出产; 制订; 铺床; make的现在分词

prediction预言; 预测; 预告

begin with以…开始，从…开始

happening事件; 发生的事情; 即兴艺术表演; 热闹的; 时髦的; 发生，出现; 出现，发生; 碰巧; 恰好; happen的现在分词

present现存的; 当前的; 出现; 在场; 出席; 存在; 礼物; 礼品; 目前; 现在; 把…交给; 颁发; 授予; 提出; 提交; 展现，显示，表现

Tony托尼奖; 豪华的; 时兴而昂贵的

redesigning重新设计; redesign的现在分词

organs器官; 阴茎; 阳物; 管风琴; organ的复数

And maybe the ultimate prosthetic isn't having something external, titanium. 

PS:也许最终的假肢并没有什么外部的东西，钛。

maybe大概，或许，可能; 或许，也许; 或许

ultimate最后的; 最终的; 终极的; 极端的; 最好的; 根本的; 基本的; 基础性的; 最好的事物; 极品; 精华

prosthetic假体的

isn信息系统及网络公司; 战俘编号；拘留犯编号(Internment Serial Number); 以色列海军

external外部的; 外面的; 外界的; 外来的; 在外的; 来自以外的; 外部; 外面; 外观; 外部情况

titanium钛

Maybe the ultimate prosthetic is take your own gene code, remake your own body parts, because that's a whole lot more effective than any kind of a prosthetic. 

But while you're at it, then you can take the work of Craig Venter and Ham Smith. 

And one of the things that we've been doing is trying to figure out how to reprogram cells. 

And if you can reprogram a cell, then you can change the cells in those organs. 

So if you can change the cells in those organs, maybe you make those organs more radiation-resistant.Maybe you make them absorb more oxygen. Maybe you make them more efficient to filter out stuff that you don't want in your body. 

PS:所以如果你能改变这些器官中的细胞，也许你能使这些器官更抗辐射，也许你能使它们吸收更多的氧气。也许你能让它们更有效地过滤掉你身体里不想要的东西。

cells单间牢房; 牢房; 小房间; 细胞; cell的复数

organs器官; 阴茎; 阳物; 管风琴; organ的复数

maybe大概，或许，可能; 或许，也许; 或许

absorb吸收; 使并入; 吞并; 同化; 理解; 掌握

oxygen氧; 氧气

efficient效率高的; 有能力的

filter out滤除; 滤掉

stuff东西，物品，玩意儿; 活儿，话，念头，东西; 基本特征; 特质; 根本; 基础; 原料; 填满; 装满; 塞满; 灌满; 把…塞进; 在里填入; 给…装馅

want in想要进入; 〈俚〉希望被接受; 缺少

And over the last few weeks, George Church has been in the news a lot , because he's been talking about taking one of these programmable cells and inserting an entire human genome into that cell. 

PS:在过去的几周里，乔治·丘奇一直是新闻焦点，因为他一直在谈论如何将一个可编程的细胞插入整个人类基因组。

George乔治（男子教名，亦作姓用，源于希腊语，意为“农夫”；它的拉丁语形式是Georgius；法语形式是Georges；意大利语形式是Giorgio；西班牙语形式是Jorge；德语和丹麦语形式是Georg；俄语形式是Yuri；在苏格兰和英国北部昵称为Geordie）

Church教堂，礼拜堂; 礼拜; 礼拜仪式; 基督教教派; 领…到教堂接受宗教仪式

has been已经

a lot常; 许多

one of…之一

programmable程控的; 可编程序的

cells单间牢房; 牢房; 小房间; 细胞; cell的复数

inserting插入; 嵌入; 添加，加插; insert的现在分词

genome基因组; 染色体组

And once you can insert an entire human genome into a cell, then you begin to ask the question, would you want to enhance any of that genome? 

ps:一旦你能将整个人类基因组插入一个细胞，然后你开始问这个问题，你想增强其中的任何一个基因组吗？

insert插入; 嵌入; 添加，加插; 插页，广告附加页; 插入物; 添加物

entire全部的; 整个的; 完全的

human人的; 显示人类特有弱点的; 人本性的; 有人情味的; 通人情的; 人

genome基因组; 染色体组

begin开始; 启动; 起始; 开始存在; 起初是; 本来是

ask问; 询问; 要求; 请求; 恳求; 征求

would you行吗; 你想; 你会不会

want to应该

enhance提高; 增强; 增进

Do you want to enhance a human body? 

How would you want to enhance a human body? 

Where is it ethical to enhance a human body and where is it not ethical to enhance a human body? 

PS:增强一个人的身体在哪里是道德的，增强一个人的身体在哪里是不道德的？

Where在哪里; 到哪里; 处于哪种情形; 在那，到那; 在那里; 在该处; 在该情况下; …的地方; …情况下; 地方; 场所哪里

ethical道德的; 伦理的; 合乎道德的

enhance提高; 增强; 增进

human body人体

not(构成动词be、do和have及情态动词can或must等的否定形式，常缩略为n't)不，没有; 不; (用于hope、expect、believe等动词后，作为否定的回答)不

human人的; 显示人类特有弱点的; 人本性的; 有人情味的; 通人情的; 人

body身体; 躯体; 躯干; 尸体; 死尸; 赋予形体

And all of a sudden, what we're doing is we've got this multidimensional chess board  where we can change human genetics by using viruses to attack things like AIDS,  or we can change the gene code through gene therapy to do away with some hereditary diseases, or we can change the environment, and change the expression of those genes in the epigenome and pass that on to the next generations. 

PS:突然之间，我们正在做的是，我们有了一个多维棋盘，我们可以利用病毒攻击艾滋病等疾病来改变人类的基因，或者我们可以通过基因治疗来改变基因密码来消除一些遗传疾病，或者我们可以改变环境，改变这些基因在表观基因组中的表达并将其遗传给下一代。

And all等等; 甚至包括

've(=value engineering)价值工程学; 同“have”

chess board棋盘

human genetics人类遗传学

gene therapy基因疗法; 基因治疗

do away with消除; 终止; 废除; 杀死; 干掉; 自杀

on to到…之上; 向…之上; 到，上; 朝向，转向

And all of asudden, it's not just one little bit, it's all these stacked little bits that allow you to take little portions of it until all the portions coming together lead you to something that's very different.

PS:所有的碎片，不仅仅是一点点，而是这些堆积的小碎片，让你从中得到一小部分，直到所有的部分结合在一起，让你找到一个非常不同的东西。

And all等等; 甚至包括

stacked放有大量…的; 放有成叠…的; 放成整齐的一叠; 使成叠地放在…; 使码放在…; 分层盘旋等待着陆; stack的过去分词和过去式

bits有点儿; 稍微; 稍顷; 短距离; 小量; 小块; 咬; 叮; 蜇; 咬饵; 上钩; bit的第三人称单数和复数

allow允许; 准许; 给予; 允许进入

portions部分; 一份，一客; 分享的部分; 分担的责任; 把…分成若干份; portion的第三人称单数和复数

until到…时; 直到…为止

coming到来，来临; 即将发生的; 下一个的; 来; 来到; 到达，抵达; 来做; 来取; 来拿; come的现在分词

lead带路; 领路; 引领; 相连，相通; 通向; 通往; 领先地位; 超前量; 领先的距离; 实例; 范例; 榜样; 铅; 铅笔芯

Questions:

1.Why is Enriquez concerned about genetic prosthetics? 

They could change the human species radically but unpredictably.

2.To be fundamental means...

to be the essential part of something.

3.What is an example of a cell-based prosthetic? 

changing an organ to make it resistant radiation