本文是对官方文档 的学习笔记。
首先说了一下 Keras 的一个设计理念： 提供阶梯型的复杂性。 一开始新手接触的是封装的很好的接口， 好处是简单， 缺点是缺乏灵活性， 无法发挥自己的想象力。 当开发者需要修改底层机制的时候， Keras 争取让开发者逐渐的面对low level 代码的复杂性， 而不是一下子将所有的细节都暴露给开发者（然后把他们吓跑）。
A core principle of Keras is progressive disclosure of complexity. You should always be able to get into lower-level workflows in a gradual way. You shouldn't fall off a cliff if the high-level functionality doesn't exactly match your use case. You should be able to gain more control over the small details while retaining a commensurate amount of high-level convenience.
如果开发者想控制 fit 过程， 那么他们可以通过 override Model 类的 fit 函数来实现。
第一个例子
这里例子中， 重载了train_step 函数， 在该函数中使用 self.compiled_loss 来计算 loss. 然后 使用 self.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred) 来更新 metrics。
class CustomModel(keras.Model):
def train_step(self, data):
# Unpack the data. Its structure depends on your model and
# on what you pass to `fit()`.
x, y = data
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
y_pred = self(x, training=True) # Forward pass
# Compute the loss value
# (the loss function is configured in `compile()`)
loss = self.compiled_loss(y, y_pred, regularization_losses=self.losses)
# Compute gradients
trainable_vars = self.trainable_variables
gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_vars)
# Update weights
self.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_vars))
# Update metrics (includes the metric that tracks the loss)
self.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred)
# Return a dict mapping metric names to current value
return {m.name: m.result() for m in self.metrics}
使用这个Model
import numpy as np
# Construct and compile an instance of CustomModel
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(32,))
outputs = keras.layers.Dense(1)(inputs)
model = CustomModel(inputs, outputs)
model.compile(optimizer="adam", loss="mse", metrics=["mae"])
# Just use `fit` as usual
x = np.random.random((1000, 32))
y = np.random.random((1000, 1))
model.fit(x, y, epochs=3)
更多的细节
其实也可以不再 Compile 中填写 loss Fucntion， 而选择吧所有事情都放在train_step 中来做。
下面是一个更加 low level的例子， Compile只提供优化器。 详细解说
loss_tracker = keras.metrics.Mean(name="loss")
mae_metric = keras.metrics.MeanAbsoluteError(name="mae")
class CustomModel(keras.Model):
def train_step(self, data):
x, y = data
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
y_pred = self(x, training=True) # Forward pass
# Compute our own loss
loss = keras.losses.mean_squared_error(y, y_pred)
# Compute gradients
trainable_vars = self.trainable_variables
gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_vars)
# Update weights
self.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_vars))
# Compute our own metrics
loss_tracker.update_state(loss)
mae_metric.update_state(y, y_pred)
return {"loss": loss_tracker.result(), "mae": mae_metric.result()}
@property
def metrics(self):
# We list our `Metric` objects here so that `reset_states()` can be
# called automatically at the start of each epoch
# or at the start of `evaluate()`.
# If you don't implement this property, you have to call
# `reset_states()` yourself at the time of your choosing.
return [loss_tracker, mae_metric]
# Construct an instance of CustomModel
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(32,))
outputs = keras.layers.Dense(1)(inputs)
model = CustomModel(inputs, outputs)
# We don't passs a loss or metrics here.
model.compile(optimizer="adam")
# Just use `fit` as usual -- you can use callbacks, etc.
x = np.random.random((1000, 32))
y = np.random.random((1000, 1))
model.fit(x, y, epochs=5)
对 样本权重 和 类型权重 的支持
关于 样本权重 和 类型权重 (sample_weight & class_weight) 的介绍，可以参考使用Keras内建函数训练与评估模型。 这里是说 在 fit 函数中也可以做相关操作
class CustomModel(keras.Model):
def train_step(self, data):
# Unpack the data. Its structure depends on your model and
# on what you pass to `fit()`.
if len(data) == 3:
x, y, sample_weight = data
else:
x, y = data
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
y_pred = self(x, training=True) # Forward pass
# Compute the loss value.
# The loss function is configured in `compile()`.
loss = self.compiled_loss(
y,
y_pred,
sample_weight=sample_weight,
regularization_losses=self.losses,
)
# Compute gradients
trainable_vars = self.trainable_variables
gradients = tape.gradient(loss, trainable_vars)
# Update weights
self.optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(gradients, trainable_vars))
# Update the metrics.
# Metrics are configured in `compile()`.
self.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred, sample_weight=sample_weight)
# Return a dict mapping metric names to current value.
# Note that it will include the loss (tracked in self.metrics).
return {m.name: m.result() for m in self.metrics}
# Construct and compile an instance of CustomModel
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(32,))
outputs = keras.layers.Dense(1)(inputs)
model = CustomModel(inputs, outputs)
model.compile(optimizer="adam", loss="mse", metrics=["mae"])
# You can now use sample_weight argument
x = np.random.random((1000, 32))
y = np.random.random((1000, 1))
sw = np.random.random((1000, 1))
model.fit(x, y, sample_weight=sw, epochs=3)
自定义 evaluation
可以通过重载 test_step 来写自己的 evaluation。
class CustomModel(keras.Model):
def test_step(self, data):
# Unpack the data
x, y = data
# Compute predictions
y_pred = self(x, training=False)
# Updates the metrics tracking the loss
self.compiled_loss(y, y_pred, regularization_losses=self.losses)
# Update the metrics.
self.compiled_metrics.update_state(y, y_pred)
# Return a dict mapping metric names to current value.
# Note that it will include the loss (tracked in self.metrics).
return {m.name: m.result() for m in self.metrics}
# Construct an instance of CustomModel
inputs = keras.Input(shape=(32,))
outputs = keras.layers.Dense(1)(inputs)
model = CustomModel(inputs, outputs)
model.compile(loss="mse", metrics=["mae"])
# Evaluate with our custom test_step
x = np.random.random((1000, 32))
y = np.random.random((1000, 1))
model.evaluate(x, y)
收工： 一个端到端的 GAN 例子
这个例子要实现：
- 生成28281 的图片
- 一个辨别器判断一个图片是 真的 还是 假的（生成的）
- 为二者各提供一个优化器
- 为辨别器提供一个损失函数
from tensorflow.keras import layers
# Create the discriminator
discriminator = keras.Sequential(
[
keras.Input(shape=(28, 28, 1)),
layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), strides=(2, 2), padding="same"),
layers.LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2),
layers.Conv2D(128, (3, 3), strides=(2, 2), padding="same"),
layers.LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2),
layers.GlobalMaxPooling2D(),
layers.Dense(1),
],
name="discriminator",
)
# Create the generator
latent_dim = 128
generator = keras.Sequential(
[
keras.Input(shape=(latent_dim,)),
# We want to generate 128 coefficients to reshape into a 7x7x128 map
layers.Dense(7 * 7 * 128),
layers.LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2),
layers.Reshape((7, 7, 128)),
layers.Conv2DTranspose(128, (4, 4), strides=(2, 2), padding="same"),
layers.LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2),
layers.Conv2DTranspose(128, (4, 4), strides=(2, 2), padding="same"),
layers.LeakyReLU(alpha=0.2),
layers.Conv2D(1, (7, 7), padding="same", activation="sigmoid"),
],
name="generator",
)
一个完整的 GAN 类
class GAN(keras.Model):
def __init__(self, discriminator, generator, latent_dim):
super(GAN, self).__init__()
self.discriminator = discriminator
self.generator = generator
self.latent_dim = latent_dim
def compile(self, d_optimizer, g_optimizer, loss_fn):
super(GAN, self).compile()
self.d_optimizer = d_optimizer
self.g_optimizer = g_optimizer
self.loss_fn = loss_fn
def train_step(self, real_images):
if isinstance(real_images, tuple):
real_images = real_images[0]
# Sample random points in the latent space
batch_size = tf.shape(real_images)[0]
random_latent_vectors = tf.random.normal(shape=(batch_size, self.latent_dim))
# Decode them to fake images
generated_images = self.generator(random_latent_vectors)
# Combine them with real images
combined_images = tf.concat([generated_images, real_images], axis=0)
# Assemble labels discriminating real from fake images
labels = tf.concat(
[tf.ones((batch_size, 1)), tf.zeros((batch_size, 1))], axis=0
)
# Add random noise to the labels - important trick!
labels += 0.05 * tf.random.uniform(tf.shape(labels))
# Train the discriminator
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
predictions = self.discriminator(combined_images)
d_loss = self.loss_fn(labels, predictions)
grads = tape.gradient(d_loss, self.discriminator.trainable_weights)
self.d_optimizer.apply_gradients(
zip(grads, self.discriminator.trainable_weights)
)
# Sample random points in the latent space
random_latent_vectors = tf.random.normal(shape=(batch_size, self.latent_dim))
# Assemble labels that say "all real images"
misleading_labels = tf.zeros((batch_size, 1))
# Train the generator (note that we should *not* update the weights
# of the discriminator)!
with tf.GradientTape() as tape:
predictions = self.discriminator(self.generator(random_latent_vectors))
g_loss = self.loss_fn(misleading_labels, predictions)
grads = tape.gradient(g_loss, self.generator.trainable_weights)
self.g_optimizer.apply_gradients(zip(grads, self.generator.trainable_weights))
return {"d_loss": d_loss, "g_loss": g_loss}
Test drive
# Prepare the dataset. We use both the training & test MNIST digits.
batch_size = 64
(x_train, _), (x_test, _) = keras.datasets.mnist.load_data()
all_digits = np.concatenate([x_train, x_test])
all_digits = all_digits.astype("float32") / 255.0
all_digits = np.reshape(all_digits, (-1, 28, 28, 1))
dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(all_digits)
dataset = dataset.shuffle(buffer_size=1024).batch(batch_size)
gan = GAN(discriminator=discriminator, generator=generator, latent_dim=latent_dim)
gan.compile(
d_optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.0003),
g_optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.0003),
loss_fn=keras.losses.BinaryCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
)
# To limit the execution time, we only train on 100 batches. You can train on
# the entire dataset. You will need about 20 epochs to get nice results.
gan.fit(dataset.take(100), epochs=1)
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