Pan, G., Pan, Z., & Xiao, K. (2025). The shadow cost of collateral. The Review of Financial Studies, 38(5), 1419-1463.
takeaways
1.抵押的隐性成本的综述写得很好
Pledging collateral, however, could impose hidden costs for firms. Collateral agreements typically restrict encumbered assets from being sold to a third party, moved to a different location, used for another purpose, refurbished, or transformed without the protection or consent of the lender (Mello and Ruckes, 2017). These restrictions could limit firms’ operational flexibility as firms need to obtain lenders’ consent to deal with the encumbered assets.1 Firms could also lose financial flexibility because high asset encumbrance makes it harder to access liquidity through an asset sale (Donaldson, Gromb, and Piacentino, 2019) or obtain secured or unsecured financing (Rampini and Viswanathan, 2010; Donaldson, Gromb, and Piacentino, 2020).2 Finally, firms in financial distress may lose flexibility as secured creditors may not be interested in restructuring the debt payment (Benmelech, Kumar, and Rajan, 2020). Although the aforementioned theoretical literature has advanced our understanding of the role of collateral, there is still a lack of empirical evidence on the economic magnitude of collateral costs for firms and their impact on financing decisions.
然而,抵押资产可能会给企业带来隐性成本。抵押协议通常限制企业对受限资产的处置行为,未经贷款方的保护或同意,企业不得将其出售给第三方、搬迁、改变用途、翻新或改造(Mello 和 Ruckes,2017)。这些限制可能削弱企业的运营灵活性,因为企业在处置抵押资产时需获得贷款方的同意。
此外,企业还可能失去财务灵活性,因为高比例的资产抵押会使其更难通过出售资产获得流动性(Donaldson、Gromb 和 Piacentino,2019),或更难获得有担保或无担保的融资(Rampini 和 Viswanathan,2010;Donaldson、Gromb 和 Piacentino,2020)。
最后,处于财务困境中的企业也可能失去灵活性,因为有担保的债权人可能并不愿意参与债务重组(Benmelech、Kumar 和 Rajan,2020)。
尽管上述理论研究在深化我们对抵押品作用的理解方面取得了重要进展,但关于抵押成本对企业经济行为的实际影响及其在融资决策中的作用,仍缺乏实证证据。
2.亮点之如何测度隐性成本?
我们采用了“显性偏好”方法(revealed preference approach),通过企业对贷款合同的选择来推断其面临的抵押成本。具体而言,我们利用了美国小企业管理局(SBA)提供的灾害贷款项目中的一个监管“漏洞”或特殊规定。该项目为受自然灾害影响的企业提供有担保贷款,但若贷款金额低于特定门槛,企业则可免于提供抵押物。
与传统企业借贷数据相比,这一设定具有多方面优势:
- 首先,在常规情形下,计量经济学家往往只能观察到均衡结果,这使得很难将借款人偏好与贷款人偏好区分开来。而在我们的设定中,借款人的选择集合是可观察的,这使我们能够识别并隔离借款人的真实偏好。
- 其次,担保与非担保贷款市场通常是分割的,不同的贷款机构在不同市场中活跃。而在我们的样本中,同一个贷款人同时提供担保和非担保贷款,从而在分析贷款需求时可以保持供给端的稳定。
- 第三,政府灾害贷款项目本身就具有重要政策意义。随着气候风险日益加剧,为受自然灾害影响的企业提供政府兜底支持变得越来越关键。
3.图表很漂亮
image.png
image.png
image.png
有必要看下他们的复现包,查看作图的代码模板












网友评论