| 章节号 | 内容 |
|---|---|
| 1图片格式(png) | 宽度大于620px,保持高宽比减低为620px |
| 1-1 | 应用 |
| 1-1-1 | 方法 |
备查表：
RETURN=回车
Carriage Return=回车
Enter=回车
GIMP取消选区，Ctrl+Shift+A
重命名文件：sudo mv 原文件 新文件
第1章节 man man
touch 1，创建一个名为1的文件
sudo chmod 666，修改文件权限，使得文件可写。
sudo chmod 666，修改文件权限，使得文件可写。
在命令行中输入man man
进入帮助文档界面，输入-O 1（大写字母O 1）
成功把man命令的手册输出到文件1中
然后.......当你使用其他文本编辑器打开时，会发现一片乱码
使用vim打开才可见：
经过搜索网上大神的帖子，解决办法有2：一是在vim使用正则表达式进行匹配替换（原谅我这个vim渣渣只能想到用notepadqq来匹配替换）；二是使用一条命令
man 你要查询的命令 | col -b >/home/XX.txt来导出帮助手册内容（首先XX.txt文件存在，然后当前账户对此文件有写权限）。这里使用第二个办法来倒出文件内容如下：
MAN(1) Manual pager utils MAN(1)
NAME
man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
SYNOPSIS
man [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-m system[,...]]
[-M path] [-S list] [-e extension] [-i|-I] [--regex|--wildcard] [--names-only] [-a] [-u]
[--no-subpages] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [--no-hyphenation] [--no-justifi‐
cation] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] [[section] page[.sec‐
tion] ...] ...
man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...
man -f [whatis options] page ...
man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-P pager] [-r
prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] file
...
man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
man [-?V]
DESCRIPTION
man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is normally the name of a
program, utility or function. The manual page associated with each of these arguments is
then found and displayed. A section, if provided, will direct man to look only in that sec‐
tion of the manual. The default action is to search in all of the available sections fol‐
lowing a pre-defined order ("1 n l 8 3 2 3posix 3pm 3perl 3am 5 4 9 6 7" by default, unless
overridden by the SECTION directive in /etc/manpath.config), and to show only the first page
found, even if page exists in several sections.
到这里觉得有必要cat一下这个文件看一看：
li@li-System-Product-Name:/home$ cat /etc/manpath.config
# manpath.config
#
# This file is used by the man-db package to configure the man and cat paths.
# It is also used to provide a manpath for those without one by examining
# their PATH environment variable. For details see the manpath(5) man page.
#
# Lines beginning with `#' are comments and are ignored. Any combination of
# tabs or spaces may be used as `whitespace' separators.
#
# There are three mappings allowed in this file:
# --------------------------------------------------------
# MANDATORY_MANPATH manpath_element
# MANPATH_MAP path_element manpath_element
# MANDB_MAP global_manpath [relative_catpath]
#---------------------------------------------------------
# every automatically generated MANPATH includes these fields
#
#MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/src/pvm3/man
#
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
#---------------------------------------------------------
# set up PATH to MANPATH mapping
# ie. what man tree holds man pages for what binary directory.
#
# *PATH* -> *MANPATH*
#
MANPATH_MAP /bin /usr/share/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/bin /usr/share/man
MANPATH_MAP /sbin /usr/share/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/sbin /usr/share/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/bin /usr/local/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/bin /usr/local/share/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/share/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/X11R6/bin /usr/X11R6/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/bin/X11 /usr/X11R6/man
MANPATH_MAP /usr/games /usr/share/man
MANPATH_MAP /opt/bin /opt/man
MANPATH_MAP /opt/sbin /opt/man
#---------------------------------------------------------
# For a manpath element to be treated as a system manpath (as most of those
# above should normally be), it must be mentioned below. Each line may have
# an optional extra string indicating the catpath associated with the
# manpath. If no catpath string is used, the catpath will default to the
# given manpath.
#
# You *must* provide all system manpaths, including manpaths for alternate
# operating systems, locale specific manpaths, and combinations of both, if
# they exist, otherwise the permissions of the user running man/mandb will
# be used to manipulate the manual pages. Also, mandb will not initialise
# the database cache for any manpaths not mentioned below unless explicitly
# requested to do so.
#
# In a per-user configuration file, this directive only controls the
# location of catpaths and the creation of database caches; it has no effect
# on privileges.
#
# Any manpaths that are subdirectories of other manpaths must be mentioned
# *before* the containing manpath. E.g. /usr/man/preformat must be listed
# before /usr/man.
#
# *MANPATH* -> *CATPATH*
#
MANDB_MAP /usr/man /var/cache/man/fsstnd
MANDB_MAP /usr/share/man /var/cache/man
MANDB_MAP /usr/local/man /var/cache/man/oldlocal
MANDB_MAP /usr/local/share/man /var/cache/man/local
MANDB_MAP /usr/X11R6/man /var/cache/man/X11R6
MANDB_MAP /opt/man /var/cache/man/opt
#
#---------------------------------------------------------
# Program definitions. These are commented out by default as the value
# of the definition is already the default. To change: uncomment a
# definition and modify it.
#
#DEFINE pager pager
#DEFINE cat cat
#DEFINE tr tr '\255\267\264\327' '\055\157\047\170'
#DEFINE grep grep
#DEFINE troff groff -mandoc
#DEFINE nroff nroff -mandoc
#DEFINE eqn eqn
#DEFINE neqn neqn
#DEFINE tbl tbl
#DEFINE col col
#DEFINE vgrind vgrind
#DEFINE refer refer
#DEFINE grap grap
#DEFINE pic pic -S
#
#DEFINE compressor gzip -c7
#---------------------------------------------------------
# Misc definitions: same as program definitions above.
#
#DEFINE whatis_grep_flags -i
#DEFINE apropos_grep_flags -iEw
#DEFINE apropos_regex_grep_flags -iE
#---------------------------------------------------------
# Section names. Manual sections will be searched in the order listed here;
# the default is 1, n, l, 8, 3, 0, 2, 5, 4, 9, 6, 7. Multiple SECTION
# directives may be given for clarity, and will be concatenated together in
# the expected way.
# If a particular extension is not in this list (say, 1mh), it will be
# displayed with the rest of the section it belongs to. The effect of this
# is that you only need to explicitly list extensions if you want to force a
# particular order. Sections with extensions should usually be adjacent to
# their main section (e.g. "1 1mh 8 ...").
#
SECTION 1 n l 8 3 2 3posix 3pm 3perl 3am 5 4 9 6 7
#
#---------------------------------------------------------
# Range of terminal widths permitted when displaying cat pages. If the
# terminal falls outside this range, cat pages will not be created (if
# missing) or displayed.
#
#MINCATWIDTH 80
#MAXCATWIDTH 80
#
# If CATWIDTH is set to a non-zero number, cat pages will always be
# formatted for a terminal of the given width, regardless of the width of
# the terminal actually being used. This should generally be within the
# range set by MINCATWIDTH and MAXCATWIDTH.
#
#CATWIDTH 0
#
#---------------------------------------------------------
# Flags.
# NOCACHE keeps man from creating cat pages.
#NOCACHE
The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed by the types of pages they
contain.
1 Executable programs or shell commands
2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
3 Library calls (functions within program libraries)
4 Special files (usually found in /dev)
5 File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
6 Games
7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. man(7), groff(7)
8 System administration commands (usually only for root)
9 Kernel routines [Non standard]
A manual page consists of several sections.
Conventional section names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS,
EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, ENVIRONMENT, FILES, VERSIONS, CONFORMING TO, NOTES, BUGS,
EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, and SEE ALSO.
The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can be used as a guide in other
sections.
bold text type exactly as shown.
italic text replace with appropriate argument.
[-abc] any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
-a|-b options delimited by | cannot be used together.
argument ... argument is repeatable.
[expression] ... entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.
Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device. For instance, man will usually not
be able to render italics when running in a terminal, and will typically use underlined or
coloured text instead.
The command or function illustration is a pattern that should match all possible invoca‐
tions. In some cases it is advisable to illustrate several exclusive invocations as is
shown in the SYNOPSIS section of this manual page.
EXAMPLES
man ls
Display the manual page for the item (program) ls.
man man.7
Display the manual page for macro package man from section 7.
man -a intro
Display, in succession, all of the available intro manual pages contained within the
manual. It is possible to quit between successive displays or skip any of them.
man -t alias | lpr -Pps
Format the manual page referenced by `alias', usually a shell manual page, into the
default troff or groff format and pipe it to the printer named ps. The default output
for groff is usually PostScript. man --help should advise as to which processor is
bound to the -t option.
man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
This command will decompress and format the nroff source manual page ./foo.1x.gz into a
device independent (dvi) file. The redirection is necessary as the -T flag causes out‐
put to be directed to stdout with no pager. The output could be viewed with a program
such as xdvi or further processed into PostScript using a program such as dvips.
man -k printf
Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the keyword printf as regular
expression. Print out any matches. Equivalent to apropos printf.
man -f smail
Lookup the manual pages referenced by smail and print out the short descriptions of any
found. Equivalent to whatis smail.
OVERVIEW
Many options are available to man in order to give as much flexibility as possible to the
user. Changes can be made to the search path, section order, output processor, and other
behaviours and operations detailed below.
If set, various environment variables are interrogated to determine the operation of man.
It is possible to set the `catch all' variable $MANOPT to any string in command line format
with the exception that any spaces used as part of an option's argument must be escaped
(preceded by a backslash). man will parse $MANOPT prior to parsing its own command line.
Those options requiring an argument will be overridden by the same options found on the com‐
mand line. To reset all of the options set in $MANOPT, -D can be specified as the initial
command line option. This will allow man to `forget' about the options specified in $MANOPT
although they must still have been valid.
The manual pager utilities packaged as man-db make extensive use of index database caches.
These caches contain information such as where each manual page can be found on the filesys‐
tem and what its whatis (short one line description of the man page) contains, and allow man
to run faster than if it had to search the filesystem each time to find the appropriate man‐
ual page. If requested using the -u option, man will ensure that the caches remain consis‐
tent, which can obviate the need to manually run software to update traditional whatis text
databases.
If man cannot find a mandb initiated index database for a particular manual page hierarchy,
it will still search for the requested manual pages, although file globbing will be neces‐
sary to search within that hierarchy. If whatis or apropos fails to find an index it will
try to extract information from a traditional whatis database instead.
These utilities support compressed source nroff files having, by default, the extensions of
.Z, .z and .gz. It is possible to deal with any compression extension, but this information
must be known at compile time. Also, by default, any cat pages produced are compressed
using gzip. Each `global' manual page hierarchy such as /usr/share/man or /usr/X11R6/man
may have any directory as its cat page hierarchy. Traditionally the cat pages are stored
under the same hierarchy as the man pages, but for reasons such as those specified in the
File Hierarchy Standard (FHS), it may be better to store them elsewhere. For details on how
to do this, please read manpath(5). For details on why to do this, read the standard.
International support is available with this package. Native language manual pages are
accessible (if available on your system) via use of locale functions. To activate such sup‐
port, it is necessary to set either $LC_MESSAGES, $LANG or another system dependent environ‐
ment variable to your language locale, usually specified in the POSIX 1003.1 based format:
<language>[_<territory>[.<character-set>[,<version>]]]
If the desired page is available in your locale, it will be displayed in lieu of the stan‐
dard (usually American English) page.
Support for international message catalogues is also featured in this package and can be
activated in the same way, again if available. If you find that the manual pages and mes‐
sage catalogues supplied with this package are not available in your native language and you
would like to supply them, please contact the maintainer who will be coordinating such
activity.
For information regarding other features and extensions available with this manual pager,
please read the documents supplied with the package.
DEFAULTS
man will search for the desired manual pages within the index database caches. If the -u
option is given, a cache consistency check is performed to ensure the databases accurately
reflect the filesystem. If this option is always given, it is not generally necessary to
run mandb after the caches are initially created, unless a cache becomes corrupt. However,
the cache consistency check can be slow on systems with many manual pages installed, so it
is not performed by default, and system administrators may wish to run mandb every week or
so to keep the database caches fresh. To forestall problems caused by outdated caches, man
will fall back to file globbing if a cache lookup fails, just as it would if no cache was
present.
Once a manual page has been located, a check is performed to find out if a relative prefor‐
matted `cat' file already exists and is newer than the nroff file. If it does and is, this
preformatted file is (usually) decompressed and then displayed, via use of a pager. The
pager can be specified in a number of ways, or else will fall back to a default is used (see
option -P for details). If no cat is found or is older than the nroff file, the nroff is
filtered through various programs and is shown immediately.
If a cat file can be produced (a relative cat directory exists and has appropriate permis‐
sions), man will compress and store the cat file in the background.
The filters are deciphered by a number of means. Firstly, the command line option -p or the
environment variable $MANROFFSEQ is interrogated. If -p was not used and the environment
variable was not set, the initial line of the nroff file is parsed for a preprocessor
string. To contain a valid preprocessor string, the first line must resemble
'\" <string>
where string can be any combination of letters described by option -p below.
If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a default set is used.
A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary formatter (nroff or
[tg]roff with -t) and executed. Alternatively, if an executable program mandb_nfmt (or
mandb_tfmt with -t) exists in the man tree root, it is executed instead. It gets passed the
manual source file, the preprocessor string, and optionally the device specified with -T or
-E as arguments.
OPTIONS
Non argument options that are duplicated either on the command line, in $MANOPT, or both,
are not harmful. For options that require an argument, each duplication will override the
previous argument value.
General options
-C file, --config-file=file
Use this user configuration file rather than the default of ~/.manpath.
-d, --debug
Print debugging information.
-D, --default
This option is normally issued as the very first option and resets man's behaviour to
its default. Its use is to reset those options that may have been set in $MANOPT.
Any options that follow -D will have their usual effect.
--warnings[=warnings]
Enable warnings from groff. This may be used to perform sanity checks on the source
text of manual pages. warnings is a comma-separated list of warning names; if it is
not supplied, the default is "mac". See the “Warnings” node in info groff for a list
of available warning names.
Main modes of operation
-f, --whatis
Equivalent to whatis. Display a short description from the manual page, if avail‐
able. See whatis(1) for details.
-k, --apropos
Equivalent to apropos. Search the short manual page descriptions for keywords and
display any matches. See apropos(1) for details.
-K, --global-apropos
Search for text in all manual pages. This is a brute-force search, and is likely to
take some time; if you can, you should specify a section to reduce the number of
pages that need to be searched. Search terms may be simple strings (the default), or
regular expressions if the --regex option is used.
Note that this searches the sources of the manual pages, not the rendered text, and
so may include false positives due to things like comments in source files. Search‐
ing the rendered text would be much slower.
-l, --local-file
Activate `local' mode. Format and display local manual files instead of searching
through the system's manual collection. Each manual page argument will be inter‐
preted as an nroff source file in the correct format. No cat file is produced. If
'-' is listed as one of the arguments, input will be taken from stdin. When this
option is not used, and man fails to find the page required, before displaying the
error message, it attempts to act as if this option was supplied, using the name as a
filename and looking for an exact match.
-w, --where, --path, --location
Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the source
nroff files that would be formatted.
-W, --where-cat, --location-cat
Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the cat
files that would be displayed. If -w and -W are both specified, print both separated
by a space.
-c, --catman
This option is not for general use and should only be used by the catman program.
-R encoding, --recode=encoding
Instead of formatting the manual page in the usual way, output its source converted
to the specified encoding. If you already know the encoding of the source file, you
can also use manconv(1) directly. However, this option allows you to convert several
manual pages to a single encoding without having to explicitly state the encoding of
each, provided that they were already installed in a structure similar to a manual
page hierarchy.
Finding manual pages
-L locale, --locale=locale
man will normally determine your current locale by a call to the C function setlo‐
cale(3) which interrogates various environment variables, possibly including $LC_MES‐
SAGES and $LANG. To temporarily override the determined value, use this option to
supply a locale string directly to man. Note that it will not take effect until the
search for pages actually begins. Output such as the help message will always be
displayed in the initially determined locale.
-m system[,...], --systems=system[,...]
If this system has access to other operating system's manual pages, they can be
accessed using this option. To search for a manual page from NewOS's manual page
collection, use the option -m NewOS.
The system specified can be a combination of comma delimited operating system names.
To include a search of the native operating system's manual pages, include the system
name man in the argument string. This option will override the $SYSTEM environment
variable.
-M path, --manpath=path
Specify an alternate manpath to use. By default, man uses manpath derived code to
determine the path to search. This option overrides the $MANPATH environment vari‐
able and causes option -m to be ignored.
A path specified as a manpath must be the root of a manual page hierarchy structured
into sections as described in the man-db manual (under "The manual page system"). To
view manual pages outside such hierarchies, see the -l option.
-S list, -s list, --sections=list
List is a colon- or comma-separated list of `order specific' manual sections to
search. This option overrides the $MANSECT environment variable. (The -s spelling
is for compatibility with System V.)
-e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension
Some systems incorporate large packages of manual pages, such as those that accompany
the Tcl package, into the main manual page hierarchy. To get around the problem of
having two manual pages with the same name such as exit(3), the Tcl pages were usu‐
ally all assigned to section l. As this is unfortunate, it is now possible to put
the pages in the correct section, and to assign a specific `extension' to them, in
this case, exit(3tcl). Under normal operation, man will display exit(3) in prefer‐
ence to exit(3tcl). To negotiate this situation and to avoid having to know which
section the page you require resides in, it is now possible to give man a sub-exten‐
sion string indicating which package the page must belong to. Using the above exam‐
ple, supplying the option -e tcl to man will restrict the search to pages having an
extension of *tcl.
-i, --ignore-case
Ignore case when searching for manual pages. This is the default.
-I, --match-case
Search for manual pages case-sensitively.
--regex
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descriptions matching
each page argument as a regular expression, as with apropos(1). Since there is usu‐
ally no reasonable way to pick a "best" page when searching for a regular expression,
this option implies -a.
--wildcard
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descriptions matching
each page argument using shell-style wildcards, as with apropos(1) --wildcard. The
page argument must match the entire name or description, or match on word boundaries
in the description. Since there is usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page
when searching for a wildcard, this option implies -a.
--names-only
If the --regex or --wildcard option is used, match only page names, not page descrip‐
tions, as with whatis(1). Otherwise, no effect.
-a, --all
By default, man will exit after displaying the most suitable manual page it finds.
Using this option forces man to display all the manual pages with names that match
the search criteria.
-u, --update
This option causes man to perform an `inode level' consistency check on its database
caches to ensure that they are an accurate representation of the filesystem. It will
only have a useful effect if man is installed with the setuid bit set.
--no-subpages
By default, man will try to interpret pairs of manual page names given on the command
line as equivalent to a single manual page name containing a hyphen or an underscore.
This supports the common pattern of programs that implement a number of subcommands,
allowing them to provide manual pages for each that can be accessed using similar
syntax as would be used to invoke the subcommands themselves. For example:
$ man -aw git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz
To disable this behaviour, use the --no-subpages option.
$ man -aw --no-subpages git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz
Controlling formatted output
-P pager, --pager=pager
Specify which output pager to use. By default, man uses pager, falling back to cat
if pager is not found or is not executable. This option overrides the $MANPAGER
environment variable, which in turn overrides the $PAGER environment variable. It is
not used in conjunction with -f or -k.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments, and may use shell
quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or double quotes). It may not use pipes to con‐
nect multiple commands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may take the
file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
-r prompt, --prompt=prompt
If a recent version of less is used as the pager, man will attempt to set its prompt
and some sensible options. The default prompt looks like
Manual page name(sec) line x
where name denotes the manual page name, sec denotes the section it was found under
and x the current line number. This is achieved by using the $LESS environment vari‐
able.
Supplying -r with a string will override this default. The string may contain the
text $MAN_PN which will be expanded to the name of the current manual page and its
section name surrounded by `(' and `)'. The string used to produce the default could
be expressed as
\ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.:
byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB\ %pB\\%..
(press h for help or q to quit)
It is broken into three lines here for the sake of readability only. For its meaning
see the less(1) manual page. The prompt string is first evaluated by the shell. All
double quotes, back-quotes and backslashes in the prompt must be escaped by a preced‐
ing backslash. The prompt string may end in an escaped $ which may be followed by
further options for less. By default man sets the -ix8 options.
The $MANLESS environment variable described below may be used to set a default prompt
string if none is supplied on the command line.
-7, --ascii
When viewing a pure ascii(7) manual page on a 7 bit terminal or terminal emulator,
some characters may not display correctly when using the latin1(7) device description
with GNU nroff. This option allows pure ascii manual pages to be displayed in ascii
with the latin1 device. It will not translate any latin1 text. The following table
shows the translations performed: some parts of it may only be displayed properly
when using GNU nroff's latin1(7) device.
Description Octal latin1 ascii
─────────────────────────────────────────────
continuation hyphen 255 ‐ -
bullet (middle dot) 267 · o
acute accent 264 ´ '
multiplication sign 327 × x
If the latin1 column displays correctly, your terminal may be set up for latin1 char‐
acters and this option is not necessary. If the latin1 and ascii columns are identi‐
cal, you are reading this page using this option or man did not format this page
using the latin1 device description. If the latin1 column is missing or corrupt, you
may need to view manual pages with this option.
This option is ignored when using options -t, -H, -T, or -Z and may be useless for
nroff other than GNU's.
-E encoding, --encoding=encoding
Generate output for a character encoding other than the default. For backward com‐
patibility, encoding may be an nroff device such as ascii, latin1, or utf8 as well as
a true character encoding such as UTF-8.
--no-hyphenation, --nh
Normally, nroff will automatically hyphenate text at line breaks even in words that
do not contain hyphens, if it is necessary to do so to lay out words on a line with‐
out excessive spacing. This option disables automatic hyphenation, so words will
only be hyphenated if they already contain hyphens.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from hyphenating a
word at an inappropriate point, do not use this option, but consult the nroff docu‐
mentation instead; for instance, you can put "\%" inside a word to indicate that it
may be hyphenated at that point, or put "\%" at the start of a word to prevent it
from being hyphenated.
--no-justification, --nj
Normally, nroff will automatically justify text to both margins. This option dis‐
ables full justification, leaving justified only to the left margin, sometimes called
"ragged-right" text.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from justifying
certain paragraphs, do not use this option, but consult the nroff documentation
instead; for instance, you can use the ".na", ".nf", ".fi", and ".ad" requests to
temporarily disable adjusting and filling.
-p string, --preprocessor=string
Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nroff or troff/groff. Not all
installations will have a full set of preprocessors. Some of the preprocessors and
the letters used to designate them are: eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind
(v), refer (r). This option overrides the $MANROFFSEQ environment variable. zsoelim
is always run as the very first preprocessor.
-t, --troff
Use groff -mandoc to format the manual page to stdout. This option is not required
in conjunction with -H, -T, or -Z.
-T[device], --troff-device[=device]
This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output to be suitable for a
device other than the default. It implies -t. Examples (provided with Groff-1.17)
include dvi, latin1, ps, utf8, X75 and X100.
-H[browser], --html[=browser]
This option will cause groff to produce HTML output, and will display that output in
a web browser. The choice of browser is determined by the optional browser argument
if one is provided, by the $BROWSER environment variable, or by a compile-time
default if that is unset (usually lynx). This option implies -t, and will only work
with GNU troff.
-X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi]
This option displays the output of groff in a graphical window using the gxditview
program. The dpi (dots per inch) may be 75, 75-12, 100, or 100-12, defaulting to 75;
the -12 variants use a 12-point base font. This option implies -T with the X75,
X75-12, X100, or X100-12 device respectively.
-Z, --ditroff
groff will run troff and then use an appropriate post-processor to produce output
suitable for the chosen device. If groff -mandoc is groff, this option is passed to
groff and will suppress the use of a post-processor. It implies -t.
Getting help
-?, --help
Print a help message and exit.
--usage
Print a short usage message and exit.
-V, --version
Display version information.
EXIT STATUS
0 Successful program execution.
1 Usage, syntax or configuration file error.
2 Operational error.
3 A child process returned a non-zero exit status.
16 At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or wasn't matched.
ENVIRONMENT
MANPATH
If $MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to search for manual pages.
MANROFFOPT
The contents of $MANROFFOPT are added to the command line every time man invokes the
formatter (nroff, troff, or groff).
MANROFFSEQ
If $MANROFFSEQ is set, its value is used to determine the set of preprocessors to
pass each manual page through. The default preprocessor list is system dependent.
MANSECT
If $MANSECT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of sections and it is used to
determine which manual sections to search and in what order. The default is "1 n l 8
3 2 3posix 3pm 3perl 3am 5 4 9 6 7", unless overridden by the SECTION directive in
/etc/manpath.config.
MANPAGER, PAGER
If $MANPAGER or $PAGER is set ($MANPAGER is used in preference), its value is used as
the name of the program used to display the manual page. By default, pager is used,
falling back to cat if pager is not found or is not executable.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments, and may use shell
quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or double quotes). It may not use pipes to con‐
nect multiple commands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may take the
file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
MANLESS
If $MANLESS is set, its value will be used as the default prompt string for the less
pager, as if it had been passed using the -r option (so any occurrences of the text
$MAN_PN will be expanded in the same way). For example, if you want to set the
prompt string unconditionally to “my prompt string”, set $MANLESS to
‘-Psmy prompt string’. Using the -r option overrides this environment variable.
BROWSER
If $BROWSER is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of commands, each of which in
turn is used to try to start a web browser for man --html. In each command, %s is
replaced by a filename containing the HTML output from groff, %% is replaced by a
single percent sign (%), and %c is replaced by a colon (:).
SYSTEM If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as if it had been specified as the
argument to the -m option.
MANOPT If $MANOPT is set, it will be parsed prior to man's command line and is expected to
be in a similar format. As all of the other man specific environment variables can
be expressed as command line options, and are thus candidates for being included in
$MANOPT it is expected that they will become obsolete. N.B. All spaces that should
be interpreted as part of an option's argument must be escaped.
MANWIDTH
If $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the line length for which manual pages
should be formatted. If it is not set, manual pages will be formatted with a line
length appropriate to the current terminal (using the value of $COLUMNS, an ioctl(2)
if available, or falling back to 80 characters if neither is available). Cat pages
will only be saved when the default formatting can be used, that is when the terminal
line length is between 66 and 80 characters.
MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING
Normally, when output is not being directed to a terminal (such as to a file or a
pipe), formatting characters are discarded to make it easier to read the result with‐
out special tools. However, if $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING is set to any non-empty value,
these formatting characters are retained. This may be useful for wrappers around man
that can interpret formatting characters.
MAN_KEEP_STDERR
Normally, when output is being directed to a terminal (usually to a pager), any error
output from the command used to produce formatted versions of manual pages is dis‐
carded to avoid interfering with the pager's display. Programs such as groff often
produce relatively minor error messages about typographical problems such as poor
alignment, which are unsightly and generally confusing when displayed along with the
manual page. However, some users want to see them anyway, so, if $MAN_KEEP_STDERR is
set to any non-empty value, error output will be displayed as usual.
LANG, LC_MESSAGES
Depending on system and implementation, either or both of $LANG and $LC_MESSAGES will
be interrogated for the current message locale. man will display its messages in
that locale (if available). See setlocale(3) for precise details.
FILES
/etc/manpath.config
man-db configuration file.
/usr/share/man
A global manual page hierarchy.
/usr/share/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
A traditional global index database cache.
/var/cache/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
An FHS compliant global index database cache.
SEE ALSO
apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1), setlo‐
cale(3), manpath(5), ascii(7), latin1(7), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8), the man-db package
manual, FSSTND
HISTORY
1990, 1991 – Originally written by John W. Eaton (jwe@che.utexas.edu).
Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) applied bug fixes supplied by Willem Kasdorp
(wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl).
30th April 1994 – 23rd February 2000: Wilf. (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) has been developing
and maintaining this package with the help of a few dedicated people.
30th October 1996 – 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco <fpolacco@debian.org> maintained and
enhanced this package for the Debian project, with the help of all the community.
31st March 2001 – present day: Colin Watson <cjwatson@debian.org> is now developing and
maintaining man-db.
2.8.3 2018-04-05 MAN(1)
简直长出了人生新高度，权当读阅读理解。
-
1-1 man man—Shell
内容
1-1-1. 导言—用户管理—用户的分类及介绍
-
1-2 man man—Shell
内容
1-2-1. 导言—用户管理—用户的分类及介绍
第2章节 man页面下的键盘操作
首先随意man一个命令，然后再按h键,可见如下帮助文档:
SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MOVING
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-} ^RightArrow Right to last column displayed.
ESC-{ ^LeftArrow Left to first column.
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
ESC-F Like F but stop when search pattern is found.
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
SEARCHING
/pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line.
HELP -- Press RETURN for more, or q when done
?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line.
n * Repeat previous search (for N-th occurrence).
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&pattern * Display only matching lines
---------------------------------------------------
A search pattern may be preceded by one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
JUMPING
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file).
t * Go to the (N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F <c1> <c2> * Find close bracket <c2>.
ESC-^B <c1> <c2> * Find open bracket <c1>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m<letter> Mark the current position with <letter>.
'<letter> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHANGING FILES
:e [file] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
-<flag> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--<name> Toggle a command line option, by name.
_<flag> Display the setting of a command line option.
__<name> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!command Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command.
s file Save input to a file.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
OPTIONS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Search skips current screen.
-A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN
Search starts just after target line.
-b [N] .... --buffers=[N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [xn.n] . --color=xn.n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [N] .... --max-back-scroll=[N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [N] .... --jump-target=[N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [file] . --lesskey-file=[file]
Use a lesskey file.
-K --quit-on-intr
Exit less in response to ctrl-C.
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [file] . --log-file=[file]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [file] . --LOG-FILE=[file]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
-p [pattern] --pattern=[pattern]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping.
-t [tag] .. --tag=[tag]
Find a tag.
-T [tagsfile] --tag-file=[tagsfile]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
-y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N]
Forward scroll limit.
-z [N] .... --window=[N]
Set size of window.
-" [c[c]] . --quotes=[c[c]]
Set shell quote characters.
-~ ........ --tilde
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [N] .... --shift=[N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
........ --no-keypad
Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
........ --follow-name
The F command changes files if the input file is renamed.
........ --use-backslash
Subsequent options use backslash as escape char.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE EDITING
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ..................... ESC-l ... Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ...................... ESC-h ... Move cursor left one character.
ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w ... Move cursor right one word.
ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b ... Move cursor left one word.
HOME ........................... ESC-0 ... Move cursor to start of line.
END ............................ ESC-$ ... Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE ................................ Delete char to left of cursor.
DELETE ......................... ESC-x ... Delete char under cursor.
ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE ........... Delete word to left of cursor.
ctrl-DELETE .... ESC-DELETE .... ESC-X ... Delete word under cursor.
ctrl-U ......... ESC (MS-DOS only) ....... Delete entire line.
UpArrow ........................ ESC-k ... Retrieve previous command line.
DownArrow ...................... ESC-j ... Retrieve next command line.
TAB ...................................... Complete filename & cycle.
SHIFT-TAB ...................... ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
ctrl-L ................................... Complete filename, list all.
-
2-1 man页面下的键盘操作—MOVING
Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.
Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.
A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K.
h H Display this help.
q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.
下文中带*的命令,可以在输入命令前附加一个数字N。
如果给定了数字N，则该命令执行括号（）内描述的功能。
命令前带^符号代表这是一个 Ctrl组合键，^K表示ctrl加K。
1、h或H显示本帮助。
2、q或:q或Q或:Q或ZZ退出本帮助，请注意有大小写之区别。
MOVING（移动）
e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).
y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).
f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).
b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).
z * Forward one window (and set window to N).
w * Backward one window (and set window to N).
ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.
d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).
ESC-) RightArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-( LeftArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).
ESC-} ^RightArrow Right to last column displayed.
ESC-{ ^LeftArrow Left to first column.
F Forward forever; like "tail -f".
ESC-F Like F but stop when search pattern is found.
r ^R ^L Repaint screen.
R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.
---------------------------------------------------
Default "window" is the screen height.
Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.
大抵相同的不在赘述，详述一些相对的难点。
1、第一行：e，Ctrl E，j，Ctrl N，CR（回车键） 这5种不同方式都是相同功能： ######下翻一行######。如果在指令前附带数字n，则表示下翻n行。
如：
e
#下翻一行
10e
#下翻10行
输入10时左下角会有提示：
2、
f和b单独使用时，是 上和下翻一页，但是前加数字n时，是翻n行（请特别注意）。3、
z和w单独使用时，和f和b功能相同。不同点在于加数字n后：nz表示下翻n行，同时把one window的长度定义为n行，此后再单独使用fbzw，一次都只会翻动n行，而不是默认的一次翻动一个窗口。4、！special note！：只要涉及到含有
ESC的组合键，每按一次，必须松开ESC再按下，如果一直按住ESC，组合键第二次及后续均不生效。按下
ESC同样会有提示
5、d和u为上下翻动一个半屏，附加数字n后，效果同第三点。
6、→和←为左右翻动一个半屏，附加数字n后，效果同第三点。注意ESC ）和ESC （的按动顺序为先ESC再SHIFT再0或者9，或者同时按下这3个键亦可。
7、ESC }和ESC {的按动顺序为先ESC再SHIFT再]或者[，或者同时按下这3个键亦可。ESC }为向右翻动至最后一列，ESC {为向左翻动至第一列（把终端窗口缩小至左右显示不下一屏才能调试出效果）。
如图所示：
8、
F和ESC F效果未知。
-
2-2 man页面下的键盘操作—SEARCHING
SEARCHING
/pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line.
?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line.
n * Repeat previous search (for N-th occurrence).
N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.
ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.
ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.
ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.
&pattern * Display only matching lines
---------------------------------------------------
A search pattern may be preceded by one or more of:
^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.
^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).
^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).
^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).
^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.
1、/pattern从第一行往下查找字符串所在的行,pattern部分用你想要搜索的字符串代替。注意：这里是搜索命中的行，而一行中可能包含多个pattern。
我们以 man ls的内容举例：
在本页面，直接在键盘输入\for，注意在左下角会有显示。
输入
\for后直接回车，结果如下图。
关于此页，需要注意三点：
第一、回滚到文档顶部，可以看到在这个窗口内搜索命中了7次。
第二、刚才回车之后，页面直接停在了第一行。
第三、第4个、第5个字符串是在同一行。
现在考虑问题：
大部分的搜索命令都支持前输入数字
n，表示搜索命中的第n行。如果要让搜索停在上图6所在行，应该输入什么？对，应该按顺序输入：5/for注意：数字
5输入后，再输入/for时，数字5的显示会被覆盖，不影响正常操作。搜索结果显示如下：
对比上图，正好停在上图6数字处。也就是命中的第5行：
2、
?pattern从！本页的！最后一行往上查找字符串所在行。找到该行后，将该行放置于页面首行。依然考虑标有1-7数字的那张图片。如果我在此页面下，输入
2?for，那页面首行会停在什么位置？对的，又说对了，页面首行停在了数字6所在行。是的，这正好和
5/for效果是相同的。
3、
n。第一、如果上条命令是/pattern,则按n后，会向下移动到下1个命中的行（步长为1）。输入N则向上移动。如果输入
数字+n，则会向下移动到下数字个命中的行，比如输入2n，则向下移动的步长为2。输入N则向上移动。第二、如果上条命令是
?pattern,则按n后，会向上移动到上1个命中的行（步长为1）。输入N则向下移动。如果输入
数字+n，则会向上移动到上数字个命中的行，比如输入2n，则向上移动的步长为2。输入N则向下移动。4、
N，类比上一条。5、
ESC-n类似n，但可以跨文件搜索。6、
ESC-N类似N，跨文件搜索。7、
ESC-u取消或打开命中的字符串的高亮，相当于一个开关。8、
&pattern只显示命中搜索的的字符串所在的行。
-
2-3 man页面下的键盘操作—JUMPING
JUMPING
g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line N).
G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N).
p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file).
t * Go to the (N-th) next tag.
T * Go to the (N-th) previous tag.
{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].
} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.
ESC-^F <c1> <c2> * Find close bracket <c2>.
ESC-^B <c1> <c2> * Find open bracket <c1>
---------------------------------------------------
Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket
matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line.
Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
matching the (N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.
m<letter> Mark the current position with <letter>.
'<letter> Go to a previously marked position.
'' Go to the previous position.
^X^X Same as '.
---------------------------------------------------
A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.
Certain marks are predefined:
^ means beginning of the file
$ means end of the file
1、g或<或ESC <，跳到首行。
2、跳到尾行。
3、p或者%，含义为percent百分比。单独输入这两个字符，则表示为翻动到文档的百分之0处，相等同于翻动到页面的开始。
4、t或者，
5、T或者，
6、{或者，找到右括号。=》功能待查《=。
7、}或者，找到左括号。=》功能待查《=。
8、ESC-Shift-Ctrl+f，要按下4个键。注意可能会和系统按键有冲突。=》功能待查《=。
9、ESC-Shift-Ctrl+b。=》功能待查《=。
10、m加一个字母。在首行添加一个标记。
11、‘加一个字符。跳到这个标记所在的首行。
12、‘加。=》功能待查《=。   13、Shift+Ctrl+x连续两次。效果等于按一次’  14、marks：^和$`。=》功能待查《=。
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2-4 man页面下的键盘操作—CHANGING FILES
CHANGING FILES
:e [file] Examine a new file.
^X^V Same as :e.
:n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line.
:p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line.
:x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line.
:d Delete the current file from the command line list.
= ^G :f Print current file name.
首先我们设定这么一个情况：在/home/li/123路径下，有名为qwe的文件，内容如图所示。
1、
：e文件名。跳转到另外一个文件。此时输入
：e /home/li/123/qwe,回车。
效果如图，可以看到已经进入了qwe文件。
2、Shift+Ctrl+x Shift+Ctrl+v效果等同于：e。
如果我们再一个文件的搜索过程中打开了另外一个文件，如此反复多次，则形成了一个搜索的文件流，如：
文件1→文件2→文件3→文件4
形成了文件流后，则可进行如下操作：
3、:n，翻动到下一个文件。
4、:p，翻动到上一个文件。
5、:x，翻动到第一个文件。
6、:d，在文件流中删除本文件。
7、= ^G :f，显示当前文档名。
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2-5 man页面下的键盘操作—MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
-<flag> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].
--<name> Toggle a command line option, by name.
_<flag> Display the setting of a command line option.
__<name> Display the setting of an option, by name.
+cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.
!command Execute the shell command with $SHELL.
|Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command.
s file Save input to a file.
v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.
V Print version number of "less".
OPTIONS
Most options may be changed either on the command line,
or from within less by using the - or -- command.
Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single
character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --.
-? ........ --help
Display help (from command line).
-a ........ --search-skip-screen
Search skips current screen.
-A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN
Search starts just after target line.
-b [N] .... --buffers=[N]
Number of buffers.
-B ........ --auto-buffers
Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.
-c ........ --clear-screen
Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.
-d ........ --dumb
Dumb terminal.
-D [xn.n] . --color=xn.n
Set screen colors. (MS-DOS only)
-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF
Quit at end of file.
-f ........ --force
Force open non-regular files.
4、-e -E，翻动到文件末尾自动退出。
-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen
Quit if entire file fits on first screen.
-g ........ --hilite-search
Highlight only last match for searches.
-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH
Don't highlight any matches for searches.
-h [N] .... --max-back-scroll=[N]
Backward scroll limit.
-i ........ --ignore-case
Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.
-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE
Ignore case in all searches.
-j [N] .... --jump-target=[N]
Screen position of target lines.
-J ........ --status-column
Display a status column at left edge of screen.
-k [file] . --lesskey-file=[file]
Use a lesskey file.
-K --quit-on-intr
Exit less in response to ctrl-C.
3、-J，在窗口左侧显示一个状态列。
-L ........ --no-lessopen
Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.
-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT
Set prompt style.
-n -N .... --line-numbers --LINE-NUMBERS
Don't use line numbers.
-o [file] . --log-file=[file]
Copy to log file (standard input only).
-O [file] . --LOG-FILE=[file]
Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).
1、-L，。
li@li-ThinkPad-T420s:~/123$ echo $LESSOPEN
| /usr/bin/lesspipe %s
3、-n，关闭行号显示。-N加回车，开启行号显示。
4、-o加文件名，将文档内容输出到文件中。读写会提示。
如果出现can not write的提示，多半是文件写权限问题，用chmod修改权限后再写入。
5、-O加文件名，无条件直接覆写。
-p [pattern] --pattern=[pattern]
Start at pattern (from command line).
-P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt]
Define new prompt.
-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT
Quiet the terminal bell.
-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS
Output "raw" control characters.
-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines
Squeeze multiple blank lines.
3、-q -Q，开关终端提示音。翻动到行首或行尾再继续翻动会有“咚咚”的提示音。
-S ........ --chop-long-lines
Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping.
-t [tag] .. --tag=[tag]
Find a tag.
-T [tagsfile] --tag-file=[tagsfile]
Use an alternate tags file.
-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL
Change handling of backspaces.
-V ........ --version
Display the version number of "less".
1、-S，一行显示不下的时候不折行，直接chop掉。
4、-u，开启关闭加黑、下划线效果。-U，待查。
5、-V，显示“less”的数字版本号。
-w ........ --hilite-unread
Highlight first new line after forward-screen.
-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD
Highlight first new line after any forward movement.
-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]
Set tab stops.
-X ........ --no-init
Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.
-y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N]
Forward scroll limit.
1、-w，使用z或f进行下翻整屏的时候，高亮显示新的未读页的首行。
2、-W，使用z或f或d进行下翻屏的时候，高亮显示新的未读的首行。
-z [N] .... --window=[N]
Set size of window.
-" [c[c]] . --quotes=[c[c]]
Set shell quote characters.
-~ ........ --tilde
Don't display tildes after end of file.
-# [N] .... --shift=[N]
Horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width)
........ --no-keypad
Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings.
........ --follow-name
The F command changes files if the input file is renamed.
........ --use-backslash
Subsequent options use backslash as escape char.
1、-zN，设置一个窗口的大小为N行。
3、-～，在文档末尾之后不显示～符号。
4、-#N，设置水平移动时窗口的大小为N列。
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2-6 man页面下的键盘操作—LINE EDITING
LINE EDITING
These keys can be used to edit text being entered
on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.
RightArrow ..................... ESC-l ... Move cursor right one character.
LeftArrow ...................... ESC-h ... Move cursor left one character.
ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w ... Move cursor right one word.
ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b ... Move cursor left one word.
HOME ........................... ESC-0 ... Move cursor to start of line.
END ............................ ESC-$ ... Move cursor to end of line.
BACKSPACE ................................ Delete char to left of cursor.
DELETE ......................... ESC-x ... Delete char under cursor.
ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE ........... Delete word to left of cursor.
ctrl-DELETE .... ESC-DELETE .... ESC-X ... Delete word under cursor.
ctrl-U ......... ESC (MS-DOS only) ....... Delete entire line.
UpArrow ........................ ESC-k ... Retrieve previous command line.
DownArrow ...................... ESC-j ... Retrieve next command line.
TAB ...................................... Complete filename & cycle.
SHIFT-TAB ...................... ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.
ctrl-L ................................... Complete filename, list all.
在命令模式下的文本操作及编辑：
1、→或ESC-l（每次操作都需要松开ESC再次按下）：光标右移一个字符。
2、←或ESC-h：光标左移一个字符。
3、ESC-→或ESC-w：光标右移一个单词（以空格隔开）。ctrl-RightArrow出现乱码。
4、ESC-←或ESC-b：光标左移一个单词（以空格隔开）。ctrl-LeftArrow出现乱码。
5、HOME或ESC-0：光标移动到行首。
6、END或ESC-$：光标移动到行尾。
7、BACKSPACE：删除光标左侧一个字符。
8、DELETE或ESC-x：删除光标当下指向的一个字符。
9、ctrl-BACKSPACE或ESC-BACKSPACE：Delete word to left of cursor（测试无效）。
10、ESC-DELETE或ESC-X：删除光标指向的单词（从光标处起，一直删到空格为止，空格后面的单词保留）。 ctrl-DELETE出现乱码。
11、↑或ESC-k：上翻历史命令。
12、↓或ESC-j：下翻历史命令。
13、TAB：出现乱码。
14、SHIFT-TAB：出现乱码。
15、ctrl-L：出现乱码。
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