英语语言学知识总结

一、语言学与英语教学

• Language 语言

Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

• Design features of language 语言结构特征

  • Arbitrariness 任意性
  • Duality 二重性
  • Productivity 多产性
  • Displacement 移位性

• Linguistics 语言学

  • Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings.

• Main branches of linguistics:

  • Phonetics 语音学: speech sound
  • Phonology 音系学
  • Morphology 形态学
  • Syntax句法学
  • Semantics 语义学
  • Pragmatics语用学
  • Psycholinguistics 心理语言学
  • Sociolinguistics 社会语言学

• 语音学& 音系学区别：

• Phonetics 语音学

  • Definition of phonetics: phonetic is the study of the pronunciation and perception of
    speech sound.
  • Classification of English speech sound:
    • Vowel 元音
    • Consonant 辅音

• Classification of Consonant：

  • 清音voice

  • Place of articulation 发音部位

    • Bilabial 双唇音：p, b, m, w (4个)
    • Labiodental 唇齿音：f, v (2个)
    • Dental 齿音： θ, ð （2个）
    • Alveolar 齿龈音： t, d, s, z, n, r, l (7个)

  • Palatal-alveolar齿龈后音：tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ (4个)

    • Palatal 硬腭音： j (1个)
    • Velar软腭音： k, g, ŋ （3个）
    • Glottal 声门音： h （1个）

  • Manner of articulation 发音方式

    • Stop 塞音： p, b, t, d, k, g
    • Fricative 擦音：f, v, θ, ð, s, z, h, ʃ, ʒ
    • Affricate塞擦音: tʃ, dʒ
    • Nasal鼻音: m, n, r
    • Lateral边音: l
    • Approximant近音: w, r, j

• Vowel 元音

• Classification of vowels:

  • Monophthongs 单元音 [i:]、[i]、[ɔ:]、[ɔ]、[u:]、[u]、[ə:]、[ə]、[ɑ:]、[ʌ]、[e]、[æ]
  • Diphthongs: 双元音 [ei]、[ai]、[ɔi]、[iə]、[ɛə]、[uə]、[au]、[əu]

• Phonology 音系学

  • It studies the distinctive sound units of a language and their relationship to one
    Another
  • Phoneme 音位： distinguishing words in meaning
  • Phones 音素： minimal sound segment
  • Allophones 音位变体
  • Minimal pair 最小对比对： if a group of words are phonetically the same except one common position of the series of the sounds , like pet, bet, get, met, let.

• Suprasegmental 超音段

  • Syllable音节: rhyme & onset
  • Stress 重音
  • Intonation语调
  • Tone声调

• Morphology 形态学

  • Root 词根
  • Affix 词缀（前缀改变词义，后缀改变词性）
  • Stem 词干

• Sense relations between sentences:语句之间的涵义关系

  • 1, X is synonymous with Y 同义关系
    X: he was a bachelor all his life.
    Y: he never married all his life.

  • 2, X is inconsistent (contradicts) with Y
    X: this is my first visit to your country.
    Y: I have been to your country before.

  • 3, X entails Y 蕴含关系
    X: he has been to France.
    Y: he has been to Europe.

  • 4, X presupposes Y 预设关系， Y 是X的前提条件
    X: John’s bike needs repairing.
    Y: John has a bike.