这段文字以“护卫者腐败的解决之道”为中心展开,以“提出方案——细化方案——解释——私产后果”递进,阐述了“唯有共产才是解决之道”。
共产
整段
关于不称职的讨论,到此为止;至于那些“流氓”行径,我们可以通过在护卫者群体间建立共有制度加以防范:
首先,他们中任何人的财产都不能超过绝对必需的范畴;也不应有拥有带栅栏和门闩的私人住宅——这类住宅会对任何想进入的人紧闭大门。他们的物资供给,仅应只维持在训练有素的武士所需水平,而这些武士本就兼具节制与勇敢的品格。他们需与民众协定:每年收取固定数额的报酬,仅需覆盖当年的开支即可,不会额外索取;且要像同军营里的士兵一般,集体用餐、共同居住。我们将告诉他们,金银乃神明所赐,真正珍贵的金属就存于他们自身。因此,他们无需追求尘世间那些徒有“金子”之名的糟粕,更不应让这类凡俗杂质玷污原有的神圣。因为那些粗劣的金属曾是许多邪恶行径的源头,而他们与生俱来的金属,如终纯净无瑕。在所有的民众中,唯独他们不得触碰或或手持、传递金银,不得与金银同处一室,不得佩戴金银饰品,也不得使用金银制饮器。这将是他们的救赎,亦是理想国的救赎。然而,若他们竟私藏宅邸、土地以及钱财,将沦为管家与农民,而非城邦的护卫者;沦为其他民众的仇敌和暴君,而非盟友。他们将深陷“憎恨与被恨,算计与被算计”的困境,终其一生,对国内仇敌敌人的恐惧远甚对外敌的忌惮。如此一来,无论对他们自身,还是对城邦其余民众而言,毁灭危机即刻降临(第416-417节)。
所在段落
The Story of Philosophy《哲学的故事》第1章Plato第7节VI. The Political Solution第5段:
So much for incompetence; as for rascality we may provide against that by establishing among the guardians a system of communism:
In the fist place none of them should have any property beyond what is absolutely necessary; neither should they have a private house, with bars and bolts, closed against any one who has a mind to enter; their provisions should be only such as are required by trained warriors, who are men of temperance and courage; their agreement is to receive from the citizens a fixed rate of pay, enough to meet the expenses of the year, and no more; and they will have common meals and live together, like soldiers in a camp. Gold and silver we will tell them that they have from God; the diviner metal is within them, and they have therefore no need of that earthly dross which passes under the name of gold, and ought not to pollute the divine by earthly admixture, for that commoner metal has been the source of many unholy deeds; but their own is undefiled. And they alone of all the citizens may not touch or hand silver or gold, or be under the same roof with them, or wear them, or drink from them. And this will be their salvation, and the salvation of the State. But should they ever acquire homes or lands or moneys of their own, they will become housekeepers and husbandmen instead of guardians; enemies and tyrants instead of allies of the other citizens; hating and being hated, plotting and being plotted against, they will pass through life in much greater terror of internal than of external enemies; and the hour of ruin, both to themselves and to the rest of the State, will be at hand(416-417).
浙江大学译本: 不称职之论就到此为止;而对奸佞之举,我们可以通过在护卫官间建立一种共产体制来加以遏制:
首先,他们每个人都不允许有超越生活必需品之外的任何财产;不允许有带着栅栏和门闩、可以杜绝别人想进就进的私人住宅;他们的供给应与那些训练有素、勇敢隐忍的武士的所需数量一样;他的契约是每年向民众征收一定额度的税费,以满足当年的开支,并不多取分文:他们当如同军营中的士兵一般同吃同睡。我们将告诉他们,他们本身已经从上帝那里获得了金和银;这些更为高贵的金属气质流淌在他们的血液中,因而他们无须去追求尘世间的那些徒有金子之名的糟粕,不应该与其混杂一处而致使自身的高贵气质受到污染,因为这些糟粕正是许多邪恶行径的缘起;而他们与生俱来的金属本质是不会受到污染的。同时民众中唯独他们不能触碰或处置金和银,不能用金银摆设装饰房屋,不能穿金戴银,也不能使用金银器皿。这将是使他们自已免于灾难的救赎之道,同时也是理想国的救赎之道。假使他们获得了属于自己的住宅、土地和钱财,他们将变成管家或是农民,而不是国家的护卫官;变成其余民众的敌人和剥削者,而不是他们的盟友;他们将憎恨、算计别人,同时也被别人憎恨和算计,他们一生都将在面对内心这个强大敌人的恐惧中度过,这种恐惧远超过他们对外在敌人的惧怕。他们自己和理想国其余民众的毁灭也将指日可待。(第416-417节)
上句见:Day457










网友评论