* 用英语自身来理解和学习英语是最好的方式，《英读廊》是《满庭说英语》中的拓展阅读系列，这一系列的文章力求帮助大家在英语阅读能力上有所提升，并树立英语思维；
* 推荐的阅读的方法是：先原文，适当看解析阅读，还有疑惑再看双语对照。
* 解析中英语单词的音标使用Dictcom和IPA双音标标注，如果需要了解Dictcom音标，请参看我们的《dictionary.com所用的音标体系》一文。
* 本篇文章难度系数8.1，由《小仙英语伴读》人工智能难度分析系统提供评分。
Why do we stutter even though we know exactly what we want to say?
【译】为什么我们口吃，即使我们知道我们想说什么？
【词法】even though是“尽管”的意思，为连词，引导让步状语从句用于引导让步状语从句。如：He went out even though it was raining. 尽管在下雨，他还是出去了。
【单词】stutter ['stuht-er]['stʌtə] v. 口吃；结巴着说话
【单词】exactly [ig-'zakt-lee][ɪɡ'zæktli] adv. 精确地；确切地；完全地
All that to say twang.
【译】看看说一个“twang”都需要什么吧。
【单词】twang [twang][twæŋ] n. 弦声；砰然一声；鼻音，带鼻音的话
4 simple sounds in a split second, involving 6 moving parts all with precise co-ordination.
【译】4个简单的声音在一瞬间，涉及到6个运动部件，都需要精确的协调。
【单词】split [split][splɪt] adj. 分裂的，劈开的
【单词】involving 原型：involve [in-'volv][ɪn'vɒlv] vt. 包含；使忙于；牵涉
【单词】precise [pri-'sahys][prɪ'saɪs] adj. 精确的；恰好的；准确的；严格的
【单词】co-ordination [koh-awr-dn-'ey-shuhn][kəʊˌɔːdɪ'neɪʃn] n. 协调
And that isn't even taking into account any of the other things you can add on, all the tone and intonation.
【译】这还没有将你可以添加的任何其他东西考虑在内，例如所有可能的音调和语调。
【单词】tone [tohn][təʊn] n. 语气；音调；调子
【单词】intonation [in-toh-'ney-shuhn, -tuh-][ˌɪntə'neɪʃn] n. 语调；声调
Language is hard too.
【译】语言是很难的。
That's just the pure mechanics of saying the word.
【译】刚才还只说了纯粹的这一个词的发音机制。
【单词】pure [pyoor][pjʊə] adj. 纯的；纯洁的；纯粹的
【单词】mechanics [muh-'kan-iks][mə'kænɪks] n. 力学（用作单数）；结构；技术；机械学（用作单数）
Formulating a whole sentence that is meaningful, conveys what you want to say, makes sense to the listener... it's a lot of processing, at a very rapid speed.
【译】规划一个完整的句子，让它是有意义的，能够传达你所想表达的，让它对听众有用的。。。这需要大量的处理，并需要非常快的速度。
【短语】make sense 表示“有意义；讲得通；言之有理”。如：I try to make each song make sense for itself. 我试图让每首歌都体现出它自己的意义。
【单词】Formulating 原型：formulate ['fawr-myuh-leyt]['fɔːmjuleɪt] v. 系统地阐述；规划；制订
【单词】meaningful ['mee-ning-fuhl]['miːnɪŋfl] adj. 意味深长的；有意义的
【单词】conveys 原型：convey [kuhn-'vey][kən'veɪ] vt. 表达；传达
【单词】listener ['lis-uh-ner]['lɪsənə] n. 听者；听众
【单词】rapid ['rap-id]['ræpɪd] adj. 短时间发生的；急速的；迅速的；快的
Add in anxiety and concerns about social stuff, and we're at a very complex system making a lot of bits move all in co-ordination during a lot of stress.
【译】再加上对社交活动的焦虑和担忧，我们处在一个非常复杂的系统中，需要在各种压力存在的情况下，让很多事情都协调进行。
【单词】anxiety [ang-'zahy-i-tee][æŋ'zaɪəti] n. 焦虑；担心
【单词】social ['soh-shuhl]['səʊʃl] adj. 社会的；社交的
【单词】stuff [stuhf][stʌf] n. 东西
【单词】complex [kuhm-'pleks]['kɒmpleks] adj. 复杂的
【单词】stress [stres][stres] n. 压力
How complex speech is isn't really appreciated enough, we are in awe of people moving just their fingers and feet for pedals when they master the piano but speech involves even more things moving as one in just the right way.
【译】语言是多么的复杂还没有被真正理解，我们对人们在掌握钢琴的时候仅仅用手指和脚来踩踏板都感到敬畏，但是语言涉及到更多的东西，需要让它们以一种正确的方式运动。
【单词】appreciated 原型：appreciate [uh-'pree-shee-eyt][ə'priːʃieɪt] vt. 欣赏；赏识
【单词】awe [aw][ɔː] n. 敬畏；恐惧
【单词】fingers 原型：finger ['fing-ger]['fɪŋɡə] n. 指针；手指（尤指大拇指以外的手指）
【单词】feet 原型：foot [foo t][fʊt] n. 脚
【单词】pedals 原型：pedal ['ped-l]['pedl] n. 踏板；乐器的脚踏键
【单词】master ['mas-ter, 'mah-ster]['mɑːstə] vt. 掌握；精通
【单词】piano [pee-'an-oh, 'pyan-oh][pɪ'ænəʊ] n. 钢琴
And I haven't even mentioned co-ordinating all that with breathing right for speech (which is also actually a major contributor)
【译】我甚至还没有提到用“说话时的呼吸权”来协调这一切（这实际上也是一个主要因素）
【单词】mentioned 原型：mention ['men-shuhn]['menʃn] vt. 提到；说起 n. 提及；说起
【单词】co-ordinating 原型：co-ordinate [koh-'awr-dn-eyt][kəʊ'ɔːdənɪt] v. (使)协调 =coordinate.
【单词】breathing 原型：breathe [breeth][briːð] vi. 呼吸
【单词】contributor [kuhn-'trib-yuh-ter][kən'trɪbjʊtə] n. 原因
And so we expect to see a number of dysfluencies, some stuttering behaviours.
【译】因此，我们看到一些说话不流畅，一些口吃的行为是很正常的。
【短语】a number of ... 一些；许多；若干；例句：A number of satellites are now circling the earth. 一些人造卫星现在正环绕地球飞行。
1-3% is normal for everybody, usually of the repetition (the sound, word or phrase is repeated) kind with some prolongations (the sound is stretched out).
【译】1-3%（的口吃）对每个人来说都是正常的，通常是重复（声音、单词或短语被重复）的类型，并会有一些拖长（声音被拉伸）。
【单词】repetition [rep-i-'tish-uh n][ˌrepə'tɪʃn] n. 重复；反复
【单词】phrase [freyz][freɪz] n. 短语
【单词】repeated 原型：repeat [ri-'peet][rɪ'piːt] v. 重复；复述
【单词】stretched 原型：stretch [strech][stretʃ] v. 伸展；延伸；夸大
Much more than that 1-3%, or Blocks (when no sound comes out) and secondary behaviors (other behaviours that the person does or that the stutter causes) are where it starts to become a true stutter.
【译】远远多于这1-3%的是，阻塞（当没有声音发出来时）和从属行为（说话者所做的或因口吃引起的其他行为）才是真正的“口吃”开始。
【短语】more than 比...（更）多，例句：More than two employees have been concerned in this affair. 这件事情牵涉到两个以上的职员。
【单词】secondary ['sek-uhn-der-ee]['sekəndri] adj. 次要的；从属的
【单词】behaviors 原型：behavior [bih-'heyv-yer][bɪ'heɪvjə] n. 行为；举止
Just want to add, for some reason stutters and other speech impediments vanish while singing.
【译】只是想补充一句，由于某些原因，口吃和其他语言障碍会在唱歌时消失。
【单词】impediments 原型：impediment [im-'ped-uh-muhnt][ɪm'pedɪmənt] n. 障碍；阻碍；口吃
【单词】vanish ['van-ish]['vænɪʃ] vi. 消失；绝迹；不见了
It's weird.
【译】这有些奇怪。
【单词】weird [weerd][wɪəd] adj. 离奇的；古怪的；怪异的
I've also noticed - and my university English lecturer affirmed - that singing in foreign language helps in learning the correct pronunciation.
【译】我也注意到——我的大学英语讲师肯定地说——用外语唱歌有助于学习正确的发音。
【单词】lecturer ['lek-cher-er]['lektʃərə] n. 演讲者；讲师
【单词】affirmed 原型：affirm [uh-'furm][ə'fɜːm] vt. 证实；断言；肯定
【单词】pronunciation [pruh-nuhn-see-'ey-shuhn][prəˌnʌnsi'eɪʃn] n. 发音；读音
I'm not a native English speaker, but I dabble in singing and my English pronunciation has gotten better and better by singing in English.
【译】我不是一个英语为母语的人，但是我练过唱歌，我的英语发音通过用英语唱歌变得越来越好。
【单词】native ['ney-tiv]['neɪtɪv] adj. 本国的；本土的；当地的
【单词】speaker ['spee-ker]['spiːkə] n. 说话者；说某种语言者
【单词】dabble ['dab-uhl]['dæbl] v. 涉猎；浅尝
To make words come out of your mouth, there is a part of your brain that takes the "words you want to say" messages and controls the parts of your mouth, tongue, breathing and stuff to make the desired sounds come out of your mouth.
【译】为了让你的话从嘴里说出来，你的大脑有一部分接收“你想说的话”的信息，并控制你的嘴、舌头、和呼吸有关的器官等部位，使你想要的声音从嘴里说出来。
【单词】brain [breyn][breɪn] n. 脑
【单词】messages 原型：message ['mes-ij]['mesɪdʒ] n. 消息；信息
【单词】tongue [tuhng][tʌŋ] n. 舌头
【单词】desired 原型：desire [dih-'zahyuhr][dɪ'zaɪə] v. 渴望；向往；要求
There is another part of the brain that deals with hearing and understanding.
【译】大脑的另一部分负责听觉和理解。
That part of the brain takes sounds coming in your ears and identifies word sounds and constructs meaning out of them.
【译】大脑的这一部分接收来自你耳朵的声音，识别单词的声音，并从中构造意义。
【单词】ears 原型：ear [eer][ɪə] n. 耳朵
【单词】identifies 原型：identify [ahy-'den-tuh-fahy, ih-'den-][aɪ'dentɪfaɪ] vt. 鉴定；识别，辨认出
【单词】constructs 原型：construct [kuhn-'struhkt][kən'strʌkt] vt. 建造；构筑；造(句)
When you actually want to speak, both of these processes are working together.
【译】当你真的想说话的时候，这两个过程是一起进行的。
In your brain you form the sequence of words you want to say, and send them to the "make words come out of your mouth" process.
【译】在你的大脑中，你形成了你想说的单词的序列，并把它们发送到“让单词从你嘴里出来”的过程中。
【单词】sequence ['see-kwuhns]['siːkwəns] n. 顺序；连续；一系列
【单词】send [send][send] vt. 发送；派遣；放出
At the same time the "understanding language" part of your brain is listening to the actual sounds coming out of your mouth and checking that the sounds it is hearing are a correct representation of what you wanted to say.
【译】与此同时，你大脑中“理解语言”的部分正在倾听从你嘴里发出的声音，并检查它听到的声音是否正确地表达了你想说的话。
【单词】actual ['ak-choo-uhl]['æktʃuəl] adj. 实际的；事实上的
【单词】checking 原型：check [chek][tʃek] v. 检查；核对
【单词】representation [rep-ri-zen-'tey-shuhn][ˌreprɪzen'teɪʃn] n. 陈述；表现
If it detects something going wrong, it interrupts the making words process and makes you go back a bit and do it again, but right this time.
【译】如果它检测到有什么地方出错，它会中断造词的过程，并让您回退一点儿，然后重来一次，但这次应该是对的。
【单词】detects 原型：detect [dih-'tekt][dɪ'tekt] v. 发觉；察觉；探测
【单词】interrupts 原型：interrupt [in-tuh-'ruhpt][ˌɪntə'rʌpt] v. 打断；中断
For people who stammer, there is a mismatch in this process.
【译】对于口吃的人来说，这个过程是错乱的。
【单词】stammer ['stam-er]['stæmə] vi. 口吃；结巴
【单词】mismatch [mis-'mach; for 2 also 'mis-mach]['mɪsmætʃ] n. 配错；不相匹配，配合不当
The "detect a mistake and correct it" process happens when it doesn't need to happen, and causes a stutter.
【译】“发现错误并纠正它”的过程发生在不需要发生的时候，因而导致口吃。
【单词】detect [dih-'tekt][dɪ'tekt] v. 发觉；察觉；探测
【单词】mistake [mi-'steyk][mɪ'steɪk] n. 错误
【单词】happens 原型：happen ['hap-uhn]['hæpən] vi. 发生；碰巧；出现
Of course once the first stutter happens, there is now a genuine mistake, so the process repeats, and you get caught in a loop of trying to correct the error caused by trying to correct the previous error.
【译】当然，一旦第一次口吃发生，现在就有一个真正的错误，所以这个过程会重复，你就会陷入一个试图纠正之前错误所导致的错误的循环中。
【短语】of course 当然
【单词】genuine ['jen-yoo-in]['dʒenjuɪn] adj. 真正的；真实的
【单词】repeats 原型：repeat [ri-'peet][rɪ'piːt] v. 重复；复述
【单词】caught 原型：catch [kach][kætʃ] v. 赶上；抓住；捕捉
【单词】loop [loop][luːp] n. 环；圈；循环
【单词】error ['er-er]['erə] n. 错误；过失；误差；谬误
It is well known that people who are prone to stuttering and stammering only do it in certain situations, for example if they are nervous or in certain emotional states, because in those situations, there is a different threshold for error tolerance.
【译】众所周知，容易口吃和结巴的人只有在某些情况下才会这样做，例如，如果他们很紧张或处于某种情绪状态，因为在这些情况下，错误容忍的门槛是不同的。
【短语】for example 例如；例句：You can buy fruit here - oranges and bananas, for example. 你可以在这里买水果，例如买柑橘和香蕉。
【短语】well known 众所周知的；出名的；例句：He is well known for his honest dealing. 他以真诚待人而著称。
【单词】prone [prohn][prəʊn] adj. 易于 ... 的；有 ... 倾向的；俯卧的
【单词】stammering ['stam-er]['stæmərɪŋ] adj. 口吃的
【单词】nervous ['nur-vuhs]['nɜːvəs] adj. 焦虑的；神经质的，紧张的，不安的
【单词】emotional [ih-'moh-shuh-nl][ɪ'məʊʃənl] adj. 感情的；情绪的
【单词】threshold ['thresh-ohld, 'thresh-hohld]['θreʃhəʊld] n. 门槛；界限
【单词】tolerance ['tol-er-uhns]['tɒlərəns] n. 宽容；忍耐力；容忍
If you are comfortable and with people you trust, your brain just doesn't care as much if it makes a bit of a mistake.
【译】如果你和你信任的人相处融洽，你的大脑就不会在意自己是否犯了一点错误。
【单词】comfortable ['kuhmf-tuh-buh]['kʌmftəbl] adj. 舒适的；充裕的
If you can't hear yourself speak, then you can't stammer because it breaks the feedback loop.
【译】如果你听不到自己说话，那么你就不会结巴，因为这会打破反馈循环。
【单词】breaks 原型：break [breyk][breɪk] v. 打碎；折断；违背；解决；中断
【单词】feedback ['feed-bak]['fiːdbæk] n. 反馈；反馈意见
If you are singing, then a different process is taking place.
【译】如果你在唱歌，那么这发生的是一个不同的过程。
【短语】take place 表示“发生；举办”。如：The next meeting will take place on Thursday.
The brain deals with music and language separately.
【译】大脑处理音乐和语言的方式是不同的。
【单词】separately ['sep-er-it-li]['sepərətli] adv. 分别地；个别地；独立地；分开地
If you listen to a song, for example, it is very often the case that you just don't follow the meaning of the lyrics because your brain is in "music" mode rather than "language" mode.
【译】例如，如果你听一首歌，你经常会不理解歌词的意思，因为你的大脑处于“音乐”模式而不是“语言”模式。
【短语】rather than ... 而不是..., 宁可…也不愿...；例句：It is better to express your anger, rather than bottle it up. 生气宁可发泄出来而不要闷在肚内。
【单词】follow ['fol-oh]['fɒləʊ] v. 跟随；注意；明白
【单词】lyrics 原型：lyric ['lir-ik]['lɪrɪk] n. 歌词
【单词】mode [mohd][məʊd] n. 方式；模式
When you sing, the sound feedback is being handled by the music part of the brain, so the hypercorrection from the language part of the brain doesn't cause the undesirable interruptions.
【译】当你唱歌时，声音反馈是由大脑的音乐部分处理的，因此大脑语言部分的过度纠正不会引起不希望的干扰。
【单词】handled 原型：handle ['han-dl]['hændl] v. 处理；对待；操作
【单词】hypercorrection [hahy-per-kuh-'rek-shuhn][ˌhaɪpəkə'rekʃn] n. [语]矫枉过正
【单词】undesirable [uhn-di-'zahyuhr-uh-buhl][ˌʌndɪ'zaɪərəbl] adj. 不受欢迎的；不期待的；不合意的
【单词】interruptions 原型：interruption [in-tuh-'ruhp-shuhn][ˌɪntə'rʌpʃn] n. 打岔；中断
网友评论