paragraph and coherence

paragraph structure

topic sentence

support sentence(prove the claim made in the topic sentence) contain examples, reasoning, facts, data, etc.

point sentence(restate the main idea) Therefore, Consequently, In sum

Paragraph Coherence

paragraph unity

1. stick to one idea from start to finish 2. every sentence contributes to the main idea of the paragraph

sentence cohesion(link the sentence like glue)

1. repetition of key words and phrases

2.use of reference words

(1)personal pronouns

I you she he we they

(2)possessive pronouns

my mine your yours his her

(3)demonstratives

this that these those such

(4)comparatives

another, other, both, similar, the same, better, more, earlier, later, previous, subsequent

3.use of transitional words and phrases

addition

contrast

cause and effect

conclusion

comparison

exemplification

restatement

Transition

how to achieve good transitions

1. make an outline before writing

2.use transitional expressions

3.order the materials appropriately

4.make a summary

Types of transitions

1. transition between sections

2.transition between paragraphs

3. transitions within paragraphs

transitional expressions

1. to support add or continue

2. to compare and contrast

3.to introduce details or exemplify

4. to show cause and effect

5.to counter(对抗)

6. to indicate order, sequence or importance

7.to show chronological order

8. to conclude

Emphatic Devices

word level: pronouns and  adverbs intensifier

sentence level: coordination and subordination

use cooedernation for equal ideas

use subordination for unequal ideas

use of the passive, inversion, or cleft sentences

contrast

end of sentence

punctuation and typography

parallelism:paired ideas

short sentence

repetition