There are two kinds of government. The pa government reigns through physical force and compulsion, while the wang governs by moral instruction and education. Since China's economic basis has been agrarian built on the land, according to Mencius, the arrangement of the "well-field system" marks the beginning of the kingly way. To perfect it, a king must practice chung and shu through "extending one's own scope of activity to include others". Mencius developed Confucius' principle of "sageliness within" and expanded another principle for "kingliness without".
1.软实力(soft power)
在国际关系中,一个国家所具有的除经济及军事外的第三方面实力,主要是文化、价值观、意识形态及民意等方面的影响力。此词汇由美国哈佛大学教授约瑟夫·奈尔提出,根据其说法,软实力是“一国透过吸引和说服别国服从你的目标从而使你得到自己想要的东西的能力”。约瑟夫·奈教授认为一个国家的软实力主要存在于三种资源中:“文化(在能对他国产生吸引力的地方起作用)、政治价值观(当这个国家在国内外努力实践这些价值观时)及外交政策(当政策需被认为合法且具有道德威信时)”。
2.硬实力(hard power)
此词汇由美国哈佛大学教授约瑟夫·奈尔提出,根据其说法,硬实力是一国利用其军事力量和经济实力强迫或收买其他国家的能力。
网友评论