China's capital, Beijing, has announced measures to combat worsening air pollution, state-run media report.
They include taking half of the city's four million private cars off the roads on days when there are serious levels of pollution.
The system will be based on a vehicle's licence plate - odd numbers will be allowed on the roads one day, even numbers the next.
Motor vehicles are considered a major source of pollution.
The new system will give out four different degrees of air pollution warning - blue, yellow, amber and red, Xinhua news agency reports.
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Cars drive on a motorway towards Madrid, Spain December 28, 2016
Madrid has ordered half of most private cars off the roads on Thursday to tackle worsening air pollution, a first in Spain.
The restrictions will operate between 6.30am and 9pm. The city council said in a statement: “vehicles with even-number registration plates will be allowed to drive around on even-number days and cars with odd-number registration plates on odd-number days”.
The measure is activated when levels of harmful nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere go above 200 microgrammes per cubic metre in at least two measuring stations for two days running, and if the air is unlikely to clear imminently.
On Thursday, city environment councillor Ines Sabanes said the ban would not be extended as smog levels had dropped by the required amount. Other measures, including a ban on street parking for non-residents and reduced speed limits, will continue.
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There are exceptions to the ban, such as for mopeds, hybrid cars, those carrying three people or more or used by disabled people. Buses, taxis and emergency vehicles are also exempt.
“It’s not about traffic restrictions but about the important issue of public health,” deputy mayor Marta Higueras said. “Lots of people suffer from breathing problems and are very affected by pollution.”
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