6.4 确定研究问题

1.指出研究空白

Sample

However,while there have been I many general papers. on the effects of using hydrated sorbent for C02/S02 capture, few have investigated the kinetics often gas-solid reaction of H20 with CaO.

2.提出质疑或不同意见

Sample

However, the previous mentioned methods suffer from some limitations mainly concerning the treatment of the vortex wake formation and its interaction with the body.

3.拓展研究

Sample

...doping limestone with mineral acids was found to result in a pronounced improvement in the CO2 uptake often doped sorbent. However, these modification techniques risk being cost- ineffective due to the relatively high cost of chemicals and treatment procedures and require further development.

常用词语与句式

Feature 1:Use words with negative meanings

• little information / attention / work / research ...
• Few studies / investigations / researchers / attempts ...
• No studies /data / calculations ... 泛指，表示：到目前为止还没有...
• None of these studies / findings / calculations ... 表示：在特定的范围中还没有...

Sample

a) Unfortunately, few educational opportunities exist to teach farmers and rural homeowners effective water supply management.

b) There is, however,little qualitative information regarding purple loosestrife vegetative reproduction.

Verbs with negative meaning

concentrated on	disregarded	failed to consider
ignored/overlooked/neglected	been limited/restricted to	suffered from
overestimated	underestimated	misinterpreted

Adjective with negative meanings

controversial	incomplete	inconclusive
ineffective	insufficient	misleading
problematic	unconvincing	unsatisfactory
uneconomic	unfounded	unproven
unrealistic	unresolved	time-consuming

Nouns with negative meanings

the absence of	a challenge	a difficulty
a defect	a disadvantage	a drawback
a flaw	a gap in out knowledge	a limitation
an obstacle	a problem	a risk

Feature 2:Raise questions /hypothesis

• However,it remians unclear weather...
• It would thus be of insterst to learn how...
• If these results could be confirmed, they would provide strong evidence for...(虚拟语气)
• It would seem, therefore, that further investigations are needed in order to...(虚拟语气)

Feature 3:Use comparative structure

• The research has tended to focus on..., rather than on...
• These studies have emphasized, as opposed to...
• Although considerable research has been devoted to..., rather less attention has been paid to...

Be organized

Sample:

The relatively sparse research on food deprivation has left room for further research. **First, much of the research has focused either on** chronic starvation at one end of the continuum **or on** missing a single meal at the other end (Green et al., 1995). **Second, some of the findings have been contradictory**. One study found that skipping breakfast impairs certain aspects of cognition, such as problem -solving abilities (Pollitt,Lewis, Garza, & Shulman, 1983). However, other research by M. W.Green, N. A. Elliman, and P. J. Rogers (1995, 1997) has found that food deprivation ranging from missing a single meal to 24 hours without eating does not significantly impair cognition. **Third, not all groups of people have been sufficiently studied.** Studies have been done on 9-11 year- -olds (Pollitt et al., 1983), obese subjects (Crumpton, Wine, &Drenick, 1966), college- -age men and women (Green et al., 1995, 1996,1997), and middle- -age males (Kollar et al., 1964).